Development modeling, resist

The prediction of a given contour shape, i.e., resist profile, requires both exposure and development models. We will first examine the various exposure models which have been developed and then combine these with development studies in order to predict resist profiles and compare them with experiment. 

Morris, D.L. and Taylor, D.H. (1 990) Echinococcus granulosus development of resistance to albendazole in an animal model, journal of Helminthology 164, 1 71-1 74. 

For relatively porous nanofiltration membranes, simple pore flow models based on convective flow will be adapted to incorporate the influence of the parameters mentioned above. The Hagen-Poiseuille model and the Jonsson and Boesen model, which are commonly used for aqueous systems permeating through porous media, such as microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes, take no interaction parameters into account, and the viscosity as the only solvent parameter. It is expected that these equations will be insufficient to describe the performance of solvent resistant nanofiltration membranes. Machado et al. [62] developed a resistance-in-series model based on convective transport of the solvent for the permeation of pure solvents and solvent mixtures ... 

Using the developed model, the thermal resistance of the BCAP0350 F is calculated for different DLC charge and discharge current values. 

Many different bioassays and biochemical or genetic tests have been developed to identify resistant weeds. However, these are normally conducted after the suspected development of resistance, not in a proactive or preventive manner. The potential for evolution of resistance to a new herbicide can be examined in several ways wild-type populations can be screened for resistant individuals, model plant populations can be muta-genized and screened for resistance, resistant cells can be selected in culture, with or without prior exposure to the herbicide, or biochemical or genetic assays can be used to identify known resistance mechanisms. However, more complex or obscure resistance mechanisms may exist, and certain mechanisms may only be expressed in whole plants, not in cell cultures. More recent techniques focused on rapid genetic evolution can also provide a clue to the relative ease with which resistance can be generated, but still require a large investment. However, as in many predictive studies, it is often difficult to relate the results of such experiments to resistance evolution in the field. 

To verify the adequacy of the developed models of solvent-resistance in THF, chloroform, and MEK, normal probability plots were evaluated. Typical normal probability plots of residuals should be close to a straight line as shown in Fig. 19.7 because the underlying error distribution is expected to be normal.47 This means that the normality assumption is valid for the proposed model. Residuals that were intensified in the middle of straight line indicated that data were normally distributed. Also, there were no outliers in the model as indicated by absence of significant deviations from the straight line. A combination of the normal distribution of the model residuals (Fig. 19.7) and the very high values of adjusted R2 demonstrated a good quality of the model. 

The mosaic model of treatment should be used to limit the development of resistance as patients come forward for treatment they are each given a different pediculicide in rotation. 

The current models do not describe the development of resistance and/or the lack of response. Limitations exist in identifying infectious versus noninfectious or uninfected target cells. As mentioned earlier, these models do not account for the changes in the pharmacokinetics of the drugs and assume that their effectiveness is constant during treatment. Recently, however, it has been proposed that the effectiveness, , be linked to the drug concentrations and ICso as shown by Eq. (22.36) (17) ... 

Use FRAC video tapes, slide sets, and RESISTAN-type resistance development models... 

Apple Scab. The computer simulation model RESISTANt with the use of currently available field data, can aid development of management recommendations tailored to regional situations. The following procedure can be used to translate the data into recommendations and evaluate the management strategies ... 

Develop models of population dynamics to Integrate the above factors and help anticipate the effects of resistance management strategies. 

Models have been constructed describing each of these heat transfer mechanisms. Yagi and Kunii [10] developed generalized resistance models for packed beds which others adapted for application to metal hydride beds [9,11-13]. For lower and moderate temperature applications of these models, radiation heat transfer can be neglected [9, 11, 12, 14, 15]. In general, the resistance model of effective thermal conductivity of a packed metal hydride bed can be described as ... 

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