Deuterium as a tracer

Elving, P. J. Enyo, M. Critical Observations on the Measurement of Adsorption at Electrodes Mechanism of the Hydrogen Electrode Reaction as Studied by Means of Deuterium as a Tracer 7... 

Section II will summarize experimental work designed to determine the extent and manner of benzene chemisorption by the use of physical methods and the radioisotope carbon-14. In Section III, evidence obtained by use of deuterium as a tracer is examined. The relatively small amount of information concerning the mode of benzene chemisorption that is afforded by studies of its hydrogenation is presented in Section IV. 

The hydrogenation of ethylene has been extensively studied over a wide variety of metal catalysts. In this section we review some of the results obtained for the kinetics and activation energies and from the use of deuterium as a tracer. 

An interesting implication of the Toth-Freeze-Witherspoon model is the deep penetration of surface water into the basin over geologic time. This has been used to derive a geochemical mass balance model for the mixing of surface water and diagenetically modified sea water in the Western Canada sedimentary basin using deuterium as a tracer (204). 

R. L. Burwell, Jr., "Deuterium as a Tracer in Reactions of Hydrocarbons on Metallic Catalysts, Accounts of Chemical Research 2, 289 (1969). 

There has been extensive discussion of isomerization of olefins by homogeneous catalysts and considerable controversy as to when associative (to a-alkyl followed by reversion) and dissociative (to allyl followed by reversion) mechanisms apply for example, see Harrod and Chalk (80) and Cramer and Lindsey (81). It is interesting that the ideas, techniques (in particular, use of deuterium as a tracer), and controversy have almost exactly paralleled those of the earlier research on isomerization by heterogeneous catalysts. 

Since the early 1930 s, when deuterium first became available, a tremendous amount of research on catalytic reactions has been done using heavy hydrogen as a tracer (1-4)- Space permits mention of only a few of the applications of deuterium and tritium as tracers. Perhaps the most prominent use that has been made of deuterium as a tracer is in connection with the study of the reaction (S)... 

All important isomers of retinaldehyde have been labeled with deuterium at different positions by a Dutch research group. Broek and Lugtenburg (1980) described the preparation of 10-mono-, 11-mono-, 12-mono-, and 11,12-di-deuterio-substituted all-frany-, 3-cis-, -cis-, and 9-dy-retinaldehyde. Fransen etal, (1980) described 18- and 19-trideutero-ll-dy- and all-frawy-retinaldehyde. Some of their preparations are discussed here because they might be adaptable in the substitution of tritium for deuterium as a tracer. 

Levy and Vennesland, using deuterium as a tracer, have shown that glutamic dehydrogenase catalyzes the transfer of H with a-stereospecificity for DPN 93). 

Reaction mechanisms of acetone aldol condensation over MgO and La20s were studied using deuterium as a tracer. Analysis of the isotopic distributions of the product and reactant revealed that the slow step is involved in Step II in accordance with homogeneous systems. 

Ihe use of deuterium as a tracer vd.th carbon-15 n.m.r, spectroscopy has been employed in detecting sane hydride shifts in the cyclization of geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate in fusicoccin biosynthesis, TSie results of feeding... 

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