Design with computers

Department of Energy "Improving Industrial Burner Designs with Computational Fluid Dynamic Tools Progress. Needs and R D priorities." Workshop Report September 2002. 

From the above description, we may conclude that flowsheeting software is a very sophisticated computer-based system, and not a collection of algorithms for solving different unit operations. A process simulator must be designed with computer science development and management tools. It is interesting to note that in the total cost the software maintenance (typically more than 70 %) is by far more important than the cost of programming (typically under 10 %). 

Chapter 10 Appendix. Tray and Downcomer Design with Computer Simulator... 

Determination of hydrosoluble vitamins (AA, thiamine, riboflavin, and pyridoxine). The flow manifold is designed with computer-controlled three-way solenoid valves... 

It has become quite popular to optimize the manifold design using computational fluid dynamic codes, ie, FID AP, Phoenix, Fluent, etc, which solve the full Navier-Stokes equations for Newtonian fluids. The effect of the area ratio, on the flow distribution has been studied numerically and the flow distribution was reported to improve with decreasing yiR. 

Multicomponent systems containing four or more components become difficult to display graphically. However, process-design calculations can often be made for the extraction of the component with the lowest partition ratio K and treated as a ternaiy system. The components with higher K values may be extracted more thoroughly from the raffinate than the solute chosen for design. Or computer calculations can be used to reduce the tedium of multicomponent, multistage calculations. 

Moral Check computer designs with a graphical... 

Most oil companies offer a planned lubrication maintenance (PLM) service that will meet these requirements with the minimum of effort on the part of the customer. These schemes provide logical routing for the lubrication operative, balanced workloads and clear instructions to those responsible for specific tasks associated with lubrication and fault-reporting facilities. Many schemes are now designed for computer operation, which also accommodate plant and grade changes, operation costs and manpower planning. It is essential that any such scheme should be adaptable to individual requirements. 

This information is supported by stress-strain behavior data collected in actual materials evaluations. With computers the finite element method (FEA) has greatly enhanced the capability of the structural analyst to calculate displacement, strain, and stress values in complicated plastic structures subjected to arbitrary loading conditions (Chapter 2). FEA techniques have made analyses much more precise, resulting in better and more optimum designs. 

The use of computers in design and related fields is widespread and will continue to expand. It is increasingly important for designers to keep up to date continually with the nature and prospects of new computer hardware and software technologies. For example, plastic databases, accessible through computers, provide product designers with property data and information on materials and... 

Synthetic constraints—such as difficulty, yield, management of starting materials, and intermediates—will naturally restrict the diversity of compounds that are made [7]. In silico designs with scaffolds that utilize similar synthetic steps will naturally be favored over those that are not. These pressures to make a small number of compounds with limited scaffold variability require computational methods to make exquisitely accurate predictions The... 

Another approach is the use of facsimile (fax) transmission to a dedicated computer equipped with software such Teleform software that can be customized to fit the needs of the clinical trial. Scannable forms are designed with specialized software and distributed to the participating sites to complete. SCs are equipped with fax machines to fax the completed forms to the central location. Advantages of this technology include the speed at which forms can be sent to a coordinating center and the fact that fax communications are very much standardized. Its drawbacks include the discipline required in form development and transmission. 

---