Design of Efficient Lanthanide Luminescent Bioprobes

The photophysical requirements are related to the two aspects described in (25) energy transfer (r/sens) and minimization of noiuadiative processes (QlII)- Th one is difficult to master in view of the intricate processes going on (Fig. 7, [20]). Some authors have nevertheless tried to establish phenomenological rules. One has, however, to be cautious in applying them since these rules rely on a rather simple 

The second aspect, namely minimization of nonradiative deactivation has two facets avoiding low-lying LMCT states, essentially for Sm , Eu and Yb , and avoiding high energy vibrations in the first and second coordination spheres the latter aspect is dealt with in Sect. 5.4. 

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