Desalination INDEX

The Office of Saline Water (now the Off. of Water Res. Tech.) of the U.S. Dept, of Interior pubHshed almost 1000 reports and was responsible for numerous articles on desalination. The Nuclear Desalination Information Center of Oak Ridge National Laboratory maintains a bibHography of these sources of information, which are abstracted and indexed in ORNL-NDlC-11 and -13. 

Schippers, J.C. and Verdouw, J. 1980. The modified fouling index, a method of determining the fouling characteristics of water. Desalination 32, 137-148. 

FIGURE 32.12 Retention index to of the RO membranes. (Courtesy of M. Balaban, Desalination, Italy. With permission.)... 

FIGURE 26.1 Water desalination costs as a function of salt concentration. (From IAEA Technical Reports Series No. 431, Application of membrane technologies for liquid radioactive waste processing, 2005, pp. 1-145. http //www.iaea.org/Publications/ index.html (accessed January 16, 2014).)... 

Schippers, Jan C., Sergio G Salinas-Rodriguez, Maria D. Keimedy, and Siobhan Boerlage, Why MFI is Edging SDI as a Fouling Index, Desalination Water Reuse, May-June, 2014. 

Choi, Jime-Seok, Tae-Mun Hwang, Sangho Lee, and Seungkwan Hong, A Systematic Approach to Determine the Fouling Index of a RO/NF Membrane Process, Desalination, 238,2009. 

Source water quality has a key influence on the suitability of using seawater desalination for industrial water supply. The water quality parameters that have a significant impact on the desalination system design, operations, and cost of water production are the concentration of TDS, chlorides, turbidity, silt density index (SDl), organic content, nutrients, algae, bacteria, temperature, boron, sUica, barium, calcium, and magnesium. 

Furthermore, water scarcity has led to the widespread use of desalination to supplement freshwater resources. While reverse osmosis (RO) membranes are used to desalinate seawater and brackish water, MF/UF can be applied as a pretreatment to RO, in an integrated membrane system (IMS). The level of pretreatment, in terms of turbidity and silt density index (SDI), provided by MF/UF was found to be significantly better and more consistent than conventional pretreatment to RO (e.g., coagulation/sedimentation/filtration) for RO feed water. In recent years, the demand for MF/UF as a pretreatment to RO has grown as the need to augment our... 

Khirani, S., R. B. Aim, and M.-H. Manero. 2006. Improving the measurement of the Modified Fouling Index using nanofiltration membranes (NF-MFI). Desalination 191 1-7. 

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