Depressive disorders nonpharmacologic

It is important to screen patients for co-occurring mental disorders, and their presence may become more apparent during the stabilization or maintenance phases of schizophrenia treatment. Examples include substance abuse disorders, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and panic disorder. As co-occurring disorders will limit symptom and functional improvement and increase the risk of relapse, it is critical that they be appropriately treated. Pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions specific for the co-occurring disorder should be implemented in combination with evidence-based treatment for schizophrenia. 

Bipolar disorder (manic-depressive illness) is one of the most common of the severe chronic psychiatric disorders. The cyclic mood disorder is characterized by recurrent fluctuations in mood, energy, and behavior encompassing the extremes of human experiences.Bipolar disorder differs from recurrent major depression (or unipolar depression) in that a manic, hypomanic, or mixed episode occurs during the course of the illness. Bipolar disorder is a lifelong illness with a variable course and requires both nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments for mood stabilization. ... 

SAD can present in children of preschool to elementary school age. If the disorder is not treated, it can persist into adulthood and increase the risk of depression and substance abuse. CBT and social skills training are effective nonpharmacological therapies in children. Pharmacological evidence is limited to case studies or open-label trials. SSRIs are considered first-line therapy because of tolerability and effectiveness. Fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline, and paroxetine were effective in children with SAD. Headache, nausea, drowsiness, insomnia, jitteriness, and stomach aches were reported in children receiving SSRIs. 

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