Dependencies of reduced viscosity

Fig. 2 a Concentration dependences of reduced viscosity values at 20 and 50 °C for aqueous solutions of PAAm and b partially hydrophobized PAAm prepared accordingly to Scheme 3 (the data from [23])... 

Fig. 11. Concentration dependence of reduced viscosities of various unfractionated samples of poly[(a-carboxymethyl)ethyl isocyanide] in 1,2-dichloroethane at 30° C (9)...

The dependence of reduced viscosity on concentration is curved upward, which could be interpreted as entanglement of rod-like micelles and/or a strong micellar interaction [47]. The increase in microviscosity results mainly from the growth in micellar size [48]. 

Fig. 4. Temperature dependences of reduced viscosities (C of PMAA = 0.1 g/dl) of PMAA-PEG complexes in water Mv of PMAA = 5 x 10s Mv of PEG = 5 X 103 (2), 2 x lO (3) curve 1 denotes PMAA in the absence of PEG33>...

Fig. 8. Dependences of reduced viscosity (C of PMAA = 0.0516 g/dl) on the degree of ionization a for aqueous solutions of PMAA (1) and of the complex PMAA-PVP (2)57)...

Figure 2. The dependence of reduced viscosity of PMAG model solution in systems 1 -PMAG + MAG 2 - PMAG + GHC ([ti]PMag = 0,27 dl g 1 1,7% solution of PMAG in water 0,1 mole l 30°C, hydroquinone), ///// - the region of heterogeneity.

Therefore, its determination usually entails the extrapolation of the concentration dependence of reduced viscosity quantities to zero polymer concentration. For the determination of [tj] the most frequently used are the classical Huggins [28] and Kraemer [29] equations ... 

From the Eq. (4) it follows, that the e q)onent aq, earlier assumed purely empirical characteristic, has a clear structural interpretation. One from the calculated methods of Df determination uses the known Huggins equation, which gives the dependence of reduced viscosity qred on concentration c for diluted polymer solutions [8] ... 

FIG U RE 23 The dependence of reduced viscosity on solubility parameter 5 of solvent,... 

FIGURE 55 The experimental (points) and calculated according to the Eq. (53) (solid line) dependences of reduced viscosity T red on DOPP contents c pp for PUAr. 

FIGURE 16 The comparison of experimental (solid curve) and theoretical (points) dependences of reduced viscosity pred on initial reagents concentration c for PHE. 

Fig. 10. Molecular weight M dependence of reduced viscosity plotted against polymer concentration Cp for sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) in nearly salt-free solution. M, g/mol X 690,000 A 345,000 A 212,000 177,000 138,000 88,000 O 31,000 O 16,000. Adapted from Ref 152, which uses data from Ref 153.

Figure 4.19. Temperature dependence of reduced viscosities of PMAA abd PMAA-PEG complexes in water [103] 1) PMAA 2) PMAA-PEG, Mw of PEG = 2000 3) PMAA-PEG, Mw of PEG = 20 000. [PEG]/[PMAA] = 1.0 (per repeating unit) PMAA = 0.05 g/100 ml.

Fig.-14. Temperature dependences of reduced viscosities of PMAA and PMAA-PEG complexes in water (1) PMAA ...

In some solvents, e. g. in anhydrous formic and sulphuric add, nylon solutions exhibit anomalous concentration dependences of reduced viscosity jraranKters ovnng to the polyelectrolyte effea. In an add medium capable of dissociation the amide group imy add a proton... 

Fig. 19.6. Dependence of reduced viscosity on polymer concentration for S-PS (Mw 400000) of various ion contents in DMF (from Ref. [30])...

Fig. 6. Temperature dependence of reduced viscosity x, cooling O, heating. ...

Concentration dependence of reduced viscosity of the solution at different temperatures is shown in Figure 20.4. A sharp increase in the reduced viscosity (Hsp/C) at low concentration has been observed. This is a characteristic behavior of polyelectrolyte solution [58-60]. This occurs in the polyelectrolyte solutions because of the expansion of the long polyionic chain, which is caused by the progressively... 

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