Deoxyribonucleic acid alternative structures

Ribonucleic Acid. RNA yeast nucleic acid. Polynucleotide directly involved in protein synthesis found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm oi cells. Description of components of RNA see Nucleic Acids. The Four primary nucleosides are adenosine, guanosine, cytidine and uridine minor nucleosides are also found. The nucleosides are linked by phosphate diester bonds from the 3 -hydroxyl of one D -ribose to the 5 -hydroxyl of the next. The secondary structure of RNA is that of an incompletely Organized single-stranded polynucleotide consisting of some areas with helical structure alternating with non helical lengths. Compere Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA). Structure Brown,... 

The benefits of modifying EIS structures with LbL films to achieve biosensors with improved performance was also reported by Abouzar et al., who observed an amplification of the signal response upon alternating layers of polyelectrolytes and enzymes as gate membranes on the p-Si-Si02 EIS structure [99]. A new variant of EIS sensors has been produced, which comprised an array of individually addressable nanoplate field-effect capacitive biochemical sensors with an SOI (silicon-on-insulator) stmcture to determine pH and detect penicillin. It also allows for the label-free electrical monitoring of formation of polyelectrolyte multilayers and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)-hybridization event [100]. 

Deoxyribonucleic acids consist of a backbone of alternating units of deoxyribose and phosphate in which the 3 -hydroxyl of one deoxyribose unit is joined by a phosphodiester bond to the 5 -hydroxyl of another deoxyribose unit (Figure 20.5). This pentose—phosphodiester backbone is constant throughout an entire DNA molecule. A heterocyclic aromatic amine base—adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine—is bonded to each deoxyribose unit by a j8-Atglycosidic bond. The primary structure of a DNA molecule is the order of heterocyclic bases along the pentose-phosphodiester backbone. The sequence of bases is read from the 5 end to the 3 end. 

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