Density of the nucleus

From the number of particles deflected and the pattern of deflection, Rutherford calculated the fraction of the atomic volume occupied by the positive nucleus. That fraction is 1 part in lO. To give you an idea of what that means, an atom the size of a baseball stadium would have a nucleus the size of a pea. The density of the nucleus is so great that a nucleus the size of a pea would have a mass of more than 250 million tons, as much as 33 million elephants ... 

In quantum mechanics, the classical charge density of the nucleus is replaced by the operator [4]. 

Electron spin resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance, and neutron diffraction methods allow a quantitative determination of the degree of covalence. The reasonance methods utilize the hyperfine interaction between the spin of the transferred electrons and the nuclear spin of the ligands (Stevens, 1953), whereas the neutron diffraction methods use the reduction of spin of the metallic ion as well as the expansion of the form factor [Hubbard and Marshall, 1965). The Mossbauer isomer shift which depends on the total electron density of the nucleus (Walker et al., 1961 Danon, 1966) can be used in the case of Fe. It will be particularly influenced by transfer to the empty 4 s orbitals, but transfer to 3 d orbitals will indirectly influence the 1 s, 2 s, and 3 s electron density at the nucleus. 

This represents an upper limit for the dimensions of the nucleus. Compared with the estimates for the size of the atom, obtained from kinetic theory calculations on gases, which are typically 4x10 9 m. we can see that the nucleus is very small indeed compared to the atom as a whole - a radius ratio of 10-5, or a volume ratio of 10 15, which supports Rutherford s observation that most of an atom consists of empty space. We can also conclude that the density of the nucleus must be extremely high - 1015 times that encountered in ordinary matter, consistent with density estimates in astronomical objects called pulsars or neutron stars. 

Using the approximate equation for the radius of the nucleus, calculate the density of the nucleus of and density of metallic silver (10.5 g/cm ). Compared ... 

An atom has three noteworthy features (i) the enormous density of the nucleus, about 5x10 2 times as dense as uranium (ii) the small volume of the nucleus, about of that of the atom, (in) the large volume of the... 

Approximately how many times greater is the diameter of an atom than the diameter of its nucleus Knowing that most of an atom s mass is contained in the nucleus, what can you conclude about the density of the nucleus ... 

The above results do support Rutherford s model. Comparing the space occupied by the electrons to the volume of the nucleus, it is clear that most of the atom is empty space. Rutherford also proposed that the nucleus was a dense central core with most of the mass of the atom concentrated in it. Comparing the density of the nucleus with the density of the space occupied by the electrons also supports Rutherford s model. 

At high energies the Coulomb scattering is not the simple Rutherford cross-section from a point charge. The finite extension of the charge density of the nucleus must be taken into account. In Born approximation the Coulomb scattering amplitude from a finite sized charged distribution becomes... 

The magnitude of the quadrupole splitting is proportional to the electric field gradient q) tensor which interacts with the quadrupole [Q) moment of the nucleus. While the 5 measures the s electron charge density of the nucleus the electric field gradient tensor measures the distortion from cubic symmetry of the electron distribution and ligands around the Mossbauer atom. 

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