Density of grain boundaries

Grain size reduction and maximizing the density of grain boundaries in nanos-tructured particles... 

The reduction in <5 corresponds to the reduction in p and in the haze factor as observed in Figs. 6.28b and 6.29b, respectively. As the carrier density N does not vary with H2O/DEZ, we can safely assume that the density of ionized impurities within the ZnO films also remains constant when the H2O/DEZ ratio is increased. The observed decrease in p would therefore be induced here solely by an increase in grain boundary scattering, i.e., by an increase in the density of grain boundaries. This increase of grain boundary density evidently occurs when the grains become smaller (i.e., when <5 is reduced). 

An increase in electron scattering by grain boundaries. Indeed, in the majority of cases, the grain size is reduced when the doping ratio is increased, augmenting in this way the density of grain boundaries in the ZnO films. 

Finally, it has to be noted that a reduction in the density of grain boundaries may also have a beneficial effect on the stability of the ZnO films, as well as on the performance of thin film silicon solar cells deposited on top of... 

Tungsten films have a large density of grain boundaries (approximate grain size is about 10(X) A). Comment on the effect of grain size and orientation on indentation depth and hence the polish rate. 

It can be presumed that the electrospun nanofiber offers high specific surface areas (ranging from hundreds to thousands of square meters per gram) and bigger pore sizes than nanoparticle or film. Meanwhile, referring to Section 2.3, the particle-based titanium dioxide layers have low efficiencies due to the high density of grain boundaries, which exist between... 

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