Demonstration electrochemical writing

Color Plate 11 Electrochemical Writing (Demonstration 17-1) ( ) Stylus used as cathode. (h) Stylus used as anode, (c) The polarity of the foil backing is opposite that of the stylus and produces reverse color on the bottom sheet of paper. 

In 1966, Pourbaix published his Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions, which contains electrode-potential/pH diagrams for many elements and a critical analysis of the data on which the diagrams are based (Ref 9). Figures 2.13 and 2.14 are from this publication and represent the iron/water system, assuming the solid phases to be iron and iron oxides in the first case and iron and iron hydroxides in the second case. It should be noted that the two diagrams differ only in relatively small detail, which results from the relatively small difference between the GFEs of a hydroxide and the oxide related to it. This can be demonstrated by writing ... 

Preliminary experiments with electron beam writing or ion beam projection lithography have demonstrated that the S-layer may also be patterned by these techniques in the sub 100 nm range (unpublished results). Most recently, S-layers have also been exploited as matrices for electrochemical deposition and electron beam deposition for generating calibration standards in the 10 nm range for scanning probe microscopy [157]. 

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