Dehydrogenation selenium dioxide

Selenium dioxide was first employed in steroid dehydrogenation for the direct formation of 12-ketones in corticoid synthesis. This dehydroge-... 

A mixture of 1,4-dioxane and water is often used as the solvent for the conversion of aldehydes and ketones by H2Se03 to a-dicarbonyl compounds in one step (Eq. 8.117).331 Dehydrogenation of carbonyl compounds with selenium dioxide generates the a, (i-unsaturated carbonyl compounds in aqueous acetic acid.332 Using water as the reaction medium, ketones can be transformed into a-iodo ketones upon treatment with sodium iodide, hydrogen peroxide, and an acid.333 Interestingly, a-iodo ketones can be also obtained from secondary alcohol through a metal-free tandem oxidation-iodination approach. 

Acetylation affords clogestone (139). Further dehydrogenation of the A ring of chlormadinone by means of selenium dioxide affords delmadinone acetate... 

Other dehydrogenation agents include sulfur, selenium dioxide, palladium on charcoal, and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ). Some reactions proceed spontaneously. Dehydrogenation also occurred... 

Selenium dioxide causes both oxidation and dehydrogenation of fused cycloheptenones to give indolotropolone [57LA(608)38], In the cases of furan 4a (54CB1197)and thiophene 4b [55LA(595)203], it effects twofold oxidation, yielding hydroxytropolones 11a and 11b, respectively (Scheme 4) ... 

Other chemical reagents that have been used to dehydrogenate are diphenyl disulfide for 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole itself, N-bromosuccinimide in pyridine for 1-ethoxycarbonyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole, selenium dioxide for 9-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole (a 1 5 mixture of 9-methyl-carbazole and 1-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole was obtained ), and manganese dioxide to aromatize 1-methyl- and l,4-dimethyl-6-alkoxy-3-formyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazoles and 1,9-diprenyl-1,4-dihydrocarba-zole. ... 

Other methods of preparing flavone include the action of ethanolic alkali on 2 -acetoxy-a,/3-dibromochalcone 7 Claisen condensation of ethyl o-ethoxybenzoate and acetophenone, and cyclization of the resulting 1,3-diketone with hydriodic acid 8 and treatment of 3-bromoflavanone with potassium hydroxide in ethanol.9 Flavone has also been prepared from ethyl phenyl-propiolate by condensation with sodium phenoxide and subsequent cyclization with phosphorus pentachloride in benzene 10 by fusing o-hydroxyacetophenone with benzoic anhydride and sodium benzoate 11 by the dehydrogenation of 2 -hydroxychal-cone with selenium dioxide 12 and by the action of alkali on flavylium chloride.13... 

Selenium dioxide was first employed in steroid dehydrogenation for the direct formation of A9( 11 12-ketones in corticoid synthesis.172 This dehydrogenation reaction was developed by Mattox and co-workers173 to give yields of 80-85% and it remains the most satisfactory application of selenium dioxide in steroid synthesis. 

The direct conversion of a chromanone to a chromone by dehydrogenation has been achieved using palladium on charcoal <74CR(C)(279)l5l> and with selenium dioxide (65JCS2743), but both reagents appear to be somewhat fickle. 

Selenium dioxide as a dehydrogenation reagent2 is capable of aromatizing the resulting nng to a 2-hydroxypyridine, which is present largely in its tautomeric form as pyridone 14 This product is not isolated, but is insLead immediately reacted further. 

Acetyl-3-methoxycarbonyl-/ -carboline, the alkaloid of Vestia lycioides, has been synthesized by two routes 200,6 the second involves the benzylic oxidation-dehydrogenation of l-ethyl-3-methoxycarbonyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-/ -carboline by means of selenium dioxide in dioxan. A by-product in this oxidation was 1 -acetyl-/ -carboline, which occurs in Ailanthus malabarica. An extension of this reaction led to a simple two-stage synthesis of canthin-6-one (22) from Ab-benzyltryptamine and a-ketoglutaric acid (Scheme 2).206... 

In a further study of routes to steroids with an aromatic ring C, 18-norandrost-13-enes (273) were found to give 7a-hydroxy-18-norandrosta-8,l 1,13-trienes (274) on reaction with selenium dioxide, while the 18-norandrosta-7,13-dienes reacted with mercury(n) acetate to give the 7a-acetate (276), as well as its 7j8-epimer. Mechanisms, including stepwise dehydrogenations, are discussed.226... 

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