Definitions and Applications

Density is defined as the concentration of matter, measured by the mass per unit volume [1]. The molar volume, Vm, is defined as the volume occupied by 1 mol of a substance. The molar volume of an ideal gas is 22.4140dm3mol-1 (22.4140liter mol-1) at 1 atm pressure and 0°C. Vapor densities pv are derived through rearrangement of the ideal gas law equation as 

Water attains its maximum density of 0.999973 gem-3 at 3.98°C [3]. Liquid organic compounds exhibit densities that are lower or higher than the density of water, usually in the range 0.6 to 3.0gcm-3. 

Frequently, the specific gravity, d, is used, which is defined as the ratio of the weight of any volume of a given liquid at temperature t to the weight of an equal volume of a standard, usually water, at temperature t2. The commonly reported specific gravity of liquids, d A, in which the standard is water at 4°C with its density nearly identical to 1.0000gem-3, is numerically equal to the density pi at temperature t. 

Estimation methods for Vm are needed because some compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls and trace organic components of biological materials or environmental matrices are not available in pure form. The Vm value of a compound 

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Carhart R E, D H Smith and R Venkataraghavan 1985. Atom Pairs as Molecular Features in Structure Activity Studies Definition and Applications. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Scienc 25 64-73. 

Carhart RE, Smith DH, Venkataraghavan R. Atom pairs as molecular features in structure-activity studies definition and applications. I Chem Inf Comput Sci 1985 25 64-73. 

In addition, there exist a lot of different terms, symbols, definitions, and meaning for limits within the scientific community. Some of them seem to be confusing in definition and application and contradicting amongst themselves, too see Currie [1992, 1995, 1997] Ehrlich and Danzer [2006]. In general the limits can be derived in a simple and understandable way but care has to be taken in interpreting them. 

Salvwkm, P. and Ciaidelli, F. An Introduction to Chiroptical Technique Basic Principles, Definitions and Applications," In Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism Ciaidelli, F. Savadori, P., Eds. Heyden London, 1973 pp. 3-24. 

The key to the model lies in space B, the descriptors space. In Chapter 3, we have already discussed the definitions and applications of several important steric and... 

USP34-NF29 S1 <11> General Requirements/< 1 >USP Reference Standards—definition and applications... 

Estrada, E. (1996). Spectral Moments of the Edge Adjacency Matrix of Molecular Graphs. 1. Definition and Applications to the Prediction of Physical Properties of Alkanes. J.Chem.Inf... 

This introductory section describes the purpose, scope, and intended audience for this report discusses the definition and application of ecological risk assessment outlines the basic elements of the proposed framework and describes the organization of this report. 

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