Deep Water flow

The choice of the 2.3 °C offset in the temperature transformation was predicated on the assumption that the vertical temperature distribution was pinned at the lower end by North Atlantic Deep Water flow. Transforming and rearranging Equations (63) with the definitions in (65) gives... 

Figure 3 Map of Nd-isotope variability in ferromanganese deposits. The map shows systematic geographic variability with lowest values in the North Atlantic, highest values in the Pacific, and intermediate values elsewhere. Arrows illustrate general movement of deep water, and show that the contours generally follow deep-water flow. Shaded fields delineate regions where the Fe -Mn and deep seawater data differ by >2Efjd units (after Albare(c)de and...

The deep water flow in the ocean is often depicted as a conveyor belt in which water that originates at the surface in the North Atlantic Ocean (NADW) flows through the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans before it upwells and returns (Fig. 1.12). The analogy... 

Fig. 6.27 Idealized map of oceanic deep-water flow (solid lines) and surface-water flow (dashed lines). Open circles represent areas of water sinking and dark circles areas of upwelling. After Broecker and Peng (1982).

The abyssal circulation model of Stommel (1958) (Fig. 9-11) predicted that the deep waters flow most intensely along the western boundaries in all oceans and gradually mix into the interior during this flow. 

As the Antarctic Bottom Water flows north, it gradually mixes with the southward flowing North Atlantic Deep Water, which lies immediately above. As the North Atlantic Deep Water flows to the south, it incorporates not only the Antarctic Bottom Water but also the Mediterranean Water and the Antarctic Intermediate Water which lie above. The North Atlantic Deep Water is eventually entrained into the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and flows unimpeded into the Indian and Pacific Oceans. 

Observations on this new deep water have shown that it contains CFC s characteristic of water formed recently (Roether etal., 1996). The water has higher dissolved oxygen and lower silicate than the adjacent LDW formed in the Adriatic. Once this deep water flowed into the Levantine Basin, it caused existing deep water to mix upwards into the LIW. Klein etal. (1999) report... 

Fig. 11.22 Schematic representation of deep-water flow in the world ocean based on characteristic changes in the isotopic composition of Nd, Pb and Be in ferromanganese crusts with location. The isotopic data are taken from Albarede and Goldstein (1992) and von Blanckenburg (1996a,b) (after Hein et al. 2000, Fig. 9.10).

The site area is divided into two general areas. A "limited or "clean" area containing most of the nonradioactive operations and service functions is separated by a fence from an "exclusion" or "hot" area containing the reactor and its closely related radioactive auxiliaries. The exclusion area is approximately the south half of the plot< Since the subterranean and deep water flows are to the southeast, this location decreases the possibility that escaping radioactive water may flow toward the wells located in the north portion of the limited area. The most prominent wind direction at the site is from the southwest, and the direction of secondary frequency is from the northeast. Therefore the stack for the exhaust of reactor-cooling air is near the southeast corner of the site. 

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