Programming declarative

Closely related to the latter is declarative programming that describes states rather than how to achieve them. Additionally, the syntax is modeled after the way humans describe a state and thus is more declarative than other languages. 

Declarative Programming is a programming paradigm that describes computations by specifying explicit objectives rather than the procedure on how to achieve them. Examples are SQL, PROLOG XSLT (see also Imperative Programming). 

Imperative Programming is a programming paradigm that describes computation as sequential statements that change a program state. Examples are FORTRAN, Pascal, C, and Visual Basic (see also Declarative Programming). 

Knowledgebase oriented Ill-structured problem representation, logic (declarative) programming Procedural execution Knowledge rep esentation handling, inference engine with procedural attachment, e.g., DICEtalk with percept knowledge representation... 

The statements of which the program consists may be either executable or nonexecutable. Nonexecutable statements consist of comments, which explain the data and logic of the program, and declarations, which are orders to the translator or to other system programs and which usually serve to allocate memory space for data. 

Parameter statement—Declares the name of a constant whose value cannot be changed in the program... 

File—Composed of elements (which may be records or other data structures) of the same type sequential files only in standard Wirth Pascal external (physical) files (for input and output) must be declared with the program heading (see Statements ) and internal (temporary) files may be added for use within the program all files except INPUT and OUTPUT must be declared in TYPE and/or VAR sections. 

In standard Pascal, although only in a few implementations of the language, a function or procedure name may also be a parameter to a sub-prograrn. The constants, types, and variables used in a sub-program, as well as those in the main program, must be declared (see following declarations). 

Variable declaration—Placed after TYPE statements and defines the type of each variable, array, and record used in the program unit, for example... 

If no other files are specified for input or output in the program heading, the default files or devices (usually the keyboard and the printer or the screen) are used. If other (declared) files are to be used, they must be prepared (see file handling statements) and then specified in the input/output statements, as follows... 

The most widely used test is that for detecting a deviation of a test object from a standard by comparison of the means, the so-called t-test. Note that before a f-test is decided upon, the confidence level must be declared and a decision made about whether a one- or a two-sided test is to be performed. For details, see shortly. Three levels of complexity, a, b, and c, and subcases are distinguishable. (The necessary equations are assembled in Table 1.10 and are all included in program TTEST.)... 

For the reasons described, no specific test will be advanced here as being superior, but Huber s model and the classical one for z = 2 and z = 3 are incorporated into program HUBER the authors are of the opinion that the best recourse is to openly declare all values and do the analysis twice, once with the presumed outliers included, and once excluded from the statistical analysis in the latter case the excluded points should nonetheless be included in tables (in parentheses) and in graphs (different symbol). Outliers should not be labeled as such solely on the basis of a fixed (statistical) rule the decision should primarily reflect scientific experience. The justification must be explicitly stated in any report cf. Sections 4.18 and 4.19. If the circumstances demand that a mle be set down, it is best to use a robust model such as Huber s its sensitivity for the problem at hand, and the typical rate for false positives, should be investigated by, for example, a Monte... 

Declaration in illegal position, i.e., the statement does not appear amongst the first non-executable statements of the main program or subprogram. 

The RPL language is designed for easy-to-write, compact programs. Like APL, it supports a run-time environment in which variables can represent different data types at different times. There is no need for the kind of data declarations which make programming awkward in traditional languages. 

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