Debus

Debus is credited for first reporting the reaction of glyoxal, NH3, and formaldehyde to make imidazole. It has been determined that primary amines and/or other salts of ammonia can be used. While it is best if a symmetrical dicarbonyl component is used or mixtures are likely to result, it was recently shown that polarizing the dicarbonyl can selectively provide one product. 

A modification to this reaction can be seen in the reaction of a dicarbonyl equivalent, acyl-vinyl-phosphonium salt. Reaction of the phosphonium salt with an appropriately functionalized formamidine provides the imidazole phosphonium salt. The imidazole phosphonium salt can be further functionalized to an intermediate used to synthesize the cimetidine, an H2-receptor histamine antagonist used to treat ulcers. 

A proposed mechanism for the condensation of formamidine sulfinic acid with the dicarbonyl equivalent involves attack of the amidine nitrogen atoms on both of the electrophilic centers with loss of water. The imidazole phosphonium salt does not react directly with sodium methoxide but instead generates the reactive methylene imidazole intermediate, which is trapped by MeOH. Reactivation can be promoted in protic solvents to elongate the chain to provide cimetidine. 

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Braun K., Peschke P., Pipkorn R., Lam-pel S., Wachsmuth M., Waldeck W., Friedrich E., Debus J. A biological transporter for the delivery of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) to the nuclear compartment of living cells./. Mol. Biol. 

AUen G. Debus, The Chemical Philosophy. Paracelsian Science and Medicine in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (London Heinemann, 1977) and also, Allen G. Debus, Robert Fludd and the Philosophicall Key (New York Science History Publications, 1979). 

For the history of this dispute Debus, Chemical Philosophy (1977), 1, 129-34. Also see Lynn Thorndike, A History of Magic and Experimental Science, multivol. (New York Columbia University Press, second reprint, 1953), 5, 652-67. 

John Dee, The Mathematicall Prjace to the Elements of Geometric of Euclid of Megara, 1570 (New York Sdence History Publications, 1975). Edited by Allen G. Debus. John Dee, The Mathematicall Preface (Debus ed.) (1975), fobo dijv. 

John Dee, The Mathematicall Preface. Debus ed. (1975), fobo dijv. 

The full text of the original English version of the manuscript in Trinity College, Cambridge may be found in Debus, Robert Fludd and the Philosophicall Key (1978) and also in C. H. Josten (ed.) Robert Fludd, Robert Fludd s Philosophicall Key and his alchemical experiment on wheat, Ambix (1963) 1-23. 

Debus, Chemical Phihsophy (1977), 1, 51-61. An important study of Paracelsianism is Walter Pagel and Marianne Winder, The Higher Elements and Prime Matter in Renaissance Naturalism and in Paracelsus, Ambix, 21 (1974) 93 ff. 

Debus, Allen G., Robert Rudd and the Philosophicall Key (New York Science History Publications, 1979). 

Lennon, Hugh Ornisby, Rosicracian Linguistics Twilight of a Renaissance Tradition in Ingrid Merkel and AUen G. Debus (eds.), Hermeticism and the Renaissance (Washington Folger Shakespeare Library London Associated Univesity Presses, 1988), 312-41. 

A. G. Debus, The Chemical Philosophy, Neale Watson Academic Pub., 1977. 

Bostocke, Richard. [The difference betwene the auncient phisicke]. An Elizabethan history of medical chemistry by A. G. Debus. Ann Sci 18, no. 1 (Mar 1962) 1-30. Reprints Chapters 10-19... 

Fludd, Robert.Robert Fludd and his Philosophicall key being a transcription of the manuscript at Trinity College, Cambridge with an introduction by Allen G. Debus. Edited by Allen George Debus. New York Science History Publications, 1979. x, 156 p... 

Debus, Allen George. Gabriel Plattes and his chemical theory of the formaiton of the earth s crust. Ambix 9. 

Webster, John. "Academiarum examen." In Science and education in the seventeenth century the Wehster-Ward debate, ed. Allen George Debus, 67-192. 

Debus, Allen George. The Geber tradition in Western alchemy and chemistry. J Hist Arabic Sci 8 (1984) 3-29. 

Debus, Allen George. Alchemy and iatrochemistry persistent traditions in the 17th and 18th centuries. Quimica Nova [SociedadBrasileira de Quimica] 15 (1992) 262-268. 

Debus, Allen George. "The chemical debates of the seventeenth century the reaction to Robert Fludd and Jean Baptiste van Helmont." In Reason, experiment, and mysticism in the scientific revolution, eds. M.L. Righini Bonelli and W.R. Shea, 19-47. New York Science History, 1975. 

Debus, Allen George. Chemistry, alchemy and the new philosophy 1550-1700 studies in the history of science and medicine. London Variorum Reprints, 1987. xii, 320 p. in various pagings ISBN 0-86078-197-6... 

Debus, Allen George. Motion in the chemical texts of the Renaissance. Isis 64, no. 221 (Mar 1973) 5-17. 

Debus, Allen George. Myth, allegory, and scientific truth an alchemical tradition in the period of the scientific revolution. Nouvelles de la Republique des Lettres, no. 1 (1987) 13-35. 

Debus, Allen George, ed. Science, medicine and society in the Renaissance essays to honor Walter Pagel. London Heinemann, 1972. 2vols 275, 335p. 

Debus, Allen George and Robert P. Multhauf. Alchemy and chemistry in the seventeenth century papers read by Allen G. Debus and Robert P. Multhauf at a Clark Library seminar, March 12, 1966. Los Angeles William Andrews Clark Memorial Library, University of California, 1966. 52p. 

Contents Debus. Renaissance chemistry and the work of Robert Fludd pp. 1-29 Multhauf. Some nonexistent chemists of the seventeenth century remarks on the use of the dialogue in scientific writing pp. 31-50... 

Merkel, Ingrid and Allen George Debus, eds.Hermeticism and the Renaissance intellectual history and the occult in early modern Europe. Washington London,... 

Debus, Allen George. "The English Paracelsians." PhD thesis, Harvard Univ,... 

Debus, Allen George. Harvey and Fludd the irrational factor in the rational science of the seventeenth century. J Hist Biol 3, no. 1 (Spring 1970) 81-105. 

Debus, Allen George. The Paracelsian compromise in Elizabethan England. Ambix 8, no. 2 (Jun 1960) 71-97. 

Pagel, Walter. Review of The English Paracelsians, by Allan George Debus. In HistSci 5 (1966) 100-104.. ... 

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