Cytokines heat shock proteins

Acute-phase proteins have long been associated with fever, as their original name, heat shock proteins, suggests. The cytokines released by macrophages in response to infection, and/or tissue damage, stimulate the synthesis and secretion of these proteins by the hver. They include ... 

Fig. 3.4 The JNK/SAPK signaling pathway various signals including cytokines activate the MAP kinases. The JNK/SAPK cascade is activated in response to inflammatory cytokines, heat shock or ultraviolet radiation. Two small G proteins, Rac and cdc42, mediate the activation of the MAP kinases. After activation, cdc42 binds to and activates PAK65 protein kinase. This results in the activation of MEKK, which eventually phosphorylates JNK/SAPK that migrates to the nucleus and activates the expression of several genes specifically the phosphorylation of c-Jun (see Color Insert)...

Heat shock proteins These are released after necrotic cell death and are able to activate APCs, which secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and up-regulate costimulatory molecules. 

Prolonged strenuous exerdse is associated with a temporary inununodepression that affects macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. " The mechanisms involved are not fully established and appear to be multifactorial, including the actions of stress hormones (e g., catecholamines and cortisol), inhibition of macrophage and T-cell cytokine production, altered heat shock protein expression, increased oxidative stress, and a fall in the plasma concentration of glutamine. BCAAs are nitrogen... 

Murali et al. (50), however, did not find a clear Th2 pattern. Their investigation found that stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from ABPA patients with two Asperquillus antigens, 35 kDa antigen and heat-shock protein HSP 1, increased the production of two Thl cytokines, IFN-y and IL-2, and the production of the Th2 cytokine IL-5. IgE production also decreased, probably related to the increase in IFN-y. Murali et al. (50) found that 35 kDa and HSP 1 antigens from Af stimulates the downregulation of IgE production in vitro and is capable of causing eosinophilia in ABPA due to an increase in IL-5. 

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