Cylindrical double anodes

In addition to anodes with a simple connecting head, there are cylindrical double anodes that have cable connectors cast on at both ends and that can be used in the construction of horizontal or vertical anode chains. Anodes of graphite or magnetite are more compact than anodes of high-silicon iron because of the danger of fracture. 

XPS spectra were obtained using a Perkin-Elmer Physical Electronics (PHI) 555 electron spectrometer equipped with a double pass cylindrical mirror analyzer (CMA) and 04-500 dual anode x-ray source. The x-ray source used a combination magnesium-silicon anode, with collimation by a shotgun-type collimator (1.). AES/SAM spectra and photomicrographs were obtained with a Perkin-Elmer PHI 610 Scanning Auger Microprobe, which uses a single pass CMA with coaxial lanthanum hexaboride (LaBe) electron gun. 

Capacitors can be polarized or non-polarized, depending on the - dielectric. Non-polarized devices have dielectrics consisting of ceramics or polymers (such as polystyrene, polyester, or polypropylene). They are normally box-shaped and their capacity is usually in the range from pF to pF, the maximum voltage up to 1000 V. Polarized capacitors are electrochemical devices the dielectric is an anodic oxide of A1 (pF to 100 mF, potentials up to 1000 V), Ta (capacities pF to 100 pF, potentials up to 20 V), or Nb (- electrolytic capacitor) or a double layer (- supercapacitor, capacities up to some 10 F and potentials up to 2.5 V or 5 V). Aluminum electrolytic capacitors are normally of cylindrical shape with radial or axial leads. Tantalum capacitors are of spherical shape and super capacitors form flat cylinders. 

Surface analysis (AES/XPS) Electron spectroscopy for elemental analysis of surfaces, sensitive to as low as two atomic layers. Physical electronics model PHI-570 Auger Electron Spectroscopy/X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy System is a double pass cylindrical mirror energy analyzer with dual anode (Mg/Al) X-ray source and has a rapid sample introduction probe. It can detect elements at the first five to ten atomic layers of sample and detect all elements except H and He. 

Rao et al. studied ethanol oxidation reaction in a real fuel cell using 40% Pt/C as cathode and Pt/C (20% and 40%), PtRu/C, and PtaSn/C as anodes [51]. Their DBMS sensor consisted on a cylindrical detection volume through which anode outlet flow passes. This volume was separated from the vacuum system of the mass spectrometer by a microporous Teflon membrane (pore size 0.02 (im and thickness of 110 (im) supported by a Teflon disk. For Pt/C and 0.1 M ethanol the carbon dioxide selectivity increased with the reaction temperature. The selectivity was highest at 0.5-0.6V and doubled from 60°C (40%) to 90°C (ca. 85%). At higher potentials the CO2 selectivity decreased and increased the acetaldehyde production. CH3CHO formation also increased at lower temperatures (at 90 °C and low, ethanol concentration was almost absent). At high ethanol concentrations the selectivity to carbon dioxide decreased but this effect was less significant than temperature effect at least for ethanol concentrations lower than 1M. 

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