Cycloalkanes systematic naming

A single alkane may have several different names a name may be a common name or it may be a systematic name developed by a well defined set of rules The most widely used system is lUPAC nomencla ture Table 2 6 summarizes the rules for alkanes and cycloalkanes Table 2 7 gives the rules for naming alkyl groups... 

Because these systematic names are so unwieldy, organic chemists often assign a name to a polycyclic compound that is more descriptive of its shape and structure. Dodecahedrane is named because its 12 five-membered rings resemble a dodecahedron. Figure 4.4 shows the names and structures of several other cycloalkanes whose names were inspired by the shape of their carbon skeletons. All the names end in the suffix -ane, indicating that they refer to alkanes. 

Write the structure and give the lUPAC systematic name of an alkane or cycloalkane with the formulas (a) CsHis that has only primary hydrogen atoms, (b) CeHi2 that has only secondary hydrogen atoms, (c) CeHia that has only primary and secondary hydrogen atoms, and (d) C8H14 that has 12 secondary and 2 tertiary hydrogen atoms. 

SAMPLE SOLUTION (a) The molecule has a tert-butyl group bonded to a nine-membered cycloalkane. It is tert-butylcyclononane. Alternatively, the tert-butyl group could be named systematically as a 1,1-dimethylethyl group, and the compound would then be named (1,1-dimethylethyl)cyclononane. (Parentheses are used when necessary to avoid ambiguity. In this case the parentheses alert the reader that the locants 1,1 refer to substituents on the alkyl group and not to ring positions.) ... 

The heterocycloalkanes can be named using cycloalkane nomenclature. The prefix aza- for nitrogen, oxa- for oxygen, thia- for sulfur, and so forth, indicates the heteroatom. Other systematic and common names abound in the literature, particularly for the aromatic heterocycles. 

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