Hydrogen atoms secondary

A white solid, m.p. 178 C. Primarily of interest as a brominaling agent which will replace activated hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions, and also those on a carbon atom a to a carbonyl group. Activating influences can produce nuclear substitution in a benzene ring and certain heterocyclic compounds also used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones. 

Fischer-Hepp rearrangement The nitros-amines of aromatic secondary amines when treated with hydrochloric acid give nuclear substituted nitrosoamines. Among the benzene derivatives, if the para position is free the -NO group displaces the hydrogen atom there in naphthalene derivatives it enters the 1-position ... 

It is interesting to note that this is the first time that in the present framework the quantization is formed by two quantum numbers a number n to be termed the principal quantum number and a number , to be termed the secondary quantum number. This case is reminiscent of the two quantum numbers that characterize the hydrogen atom. 

A secondary alkyl radical is more stable than a primary radical Bromine therefore adds to C 1 of 1 butene faster than it adds to C 2 Once the bromine atom has added to the double bond the regioselectivity of addition is set The alkyl radical then abstracts a hydrogen atom from hydrogen bromide to give the alkyl bromide product as shown m... 

Polybutadiene and polyunsaturated fats, which contain aHyUc hydrogen atoms, oxidize more readily than polypropylene, which contains tertiary hydrogen atoms. A linear hydrocarbon such as polyethylene, which has secondary hydrogens, is the most stable of these substrates. 

A refined grade of MTBE is used ia the solvents and pharmaceutical iadustries. The main advantage over other ethers is its uniquely stable stmctural framework that contains no secondary or tertiary hydrogen atoms, which makes it very resistive to oxidation and peroxide formation. In addition, its higher autoignition temperature and narrower flammabihty range also make it relatively safer to use compared to other ethers (see Table 3). 

Figure 18.17 Two-dimensional NMR spectnim of the C-terminal domain of a cellulase. The peaks along the diagonal correspond to the spectrum shown in Figure 18.16b. The off-diagonal peaks in this NOE spectrum represent interactions between hydrogen atoms that are closer than 5 A to each other in space. From such a spectrum one can obtain information on both the secondary and tertiary structures of the protein. (Courtesy of Per Kraulis, Uppsala.)...

Mannich reaction is the condensation between formaldehyde, ammonia, or a primary or secondary amine (preferably as the hydrochloride), and a compound containing at least one active hydrogen atom... 

Note that in many cases, hydrogen atoms have not been included on secondary nitrogen atoms. This has been done for structural clarity. 

Forsyth et al. found that gelsemicine contains three active hydrogen atoms (Zerewitinov determination), yields a non-basic, monobenzoyl derivative, m.p. 232°, and behaves as a secondary base giving JV-methyl-gelsemicine hydriodide, m.p. 227°, on treatment with methyl iodide. It does not react with either hydroxylamine or 2 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. On hydrogenation in dry acetic acid in presence of Adams s platinic oxide catalyst it absorbs three molecules of hydrogen. 

Autocatalysis may arise when the nucleophilic atom of the reagent is bound to a hydrogen atom which is eventually eliminated during the reaction. This occurs with neutral reagents such as primary or secondary amines, thiols, and alcohols. If the displaced group (usually an anion) is a sufficiently weak base, the proton is effectively transferred to any basic reactant. Hence, the best known examples of autocatalysis involve chloro-A-heteroaromatic compounds as the substrates. 

Free radicals may also react with a hydrocarbon molecule from the feed by abstracting a hydrogen atom. In this case the attacking radical is terminated, and a new free radical is formed. Abstraction of a hydrogen atom can occur at any position along the chain. However, the rate of hydrogen abstraction is faster from a tertiary position than from a secondary, which is faster than from a primary position. 

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