Cyclic malonic ester

Preparation of the resin-hound cyclic malonic ester (638) (Scheme 133) A solution ofmalonic acid (38 mmol), concentrated sulfuric acid (0.1 mL), and acetic anhydride (117 mmol) was allowed to stand for 24 h at r. t. and was then concentrated in vacuo below 40 °C. The ketone resin (2 g) was pre-swollen in dry, cooled to 0 °C, and then added to the residue. Dry CH2CI2 (2 mL) was then added to the mixture, and it was stirred below 20 °C for 24 h. The resin was then washed as follows ... 

Figure 15.5 Synthesis of thiophene derivatives on resin-bound cyclic malonic esters.

Acyclic malonic esters react with most aldehydes under fairly mild conditions (secondary amines with warming), but ketones and less reactive aldehydes require conditions such as the Lehnert conditions (TiCU/amine). Malonic esters have a propensity to provide the bis-adducts via Michael addition. Cyclic malonic esters (such as Meldrum s acid) are more reactive than the corresponding acyclic versions, with reactions with simple aldehydes proceeding without catalyst in DMF or DMSO. Formation of the bis-adduct is also more common with cyclic esters, especially in the coupling with unbranched aliphatic aldehydes. ... 

Tang, J. Huang, X. An efficient solid-phase synthesis of 3-carboxycoumarins based on a scaffold-polymer-bound cyclic malonic ester. J. Chem. Res. Synop. 2003, 354-355. 

These compounds yield, on hydrolysis, the free acids, which, like all acids containing two carbo.xyl groups attached to the same carbon atom, lose COj on heating. Thus, ethyl malonic acid yields butyric acid. In this way the synthesis of monobasic acids may be readily effected. Malonic ester, moreover, may be used in the preparation of cyclic compounds as well as of tetrabasic and also dibasic acids of the malonic acid series ( Perkin). To give one illustration malonic ester, and ethylene bromide in presence of sodium alcoholate, yield triniethyleiic dicarbo.xylic ester and tetramethylene tetracarbo.xylic ester. The first reaction takes place in two steps,... 

The malonic ester synthesis can also be used to prepare cydoalkane-carboxvlic acids. For example, when 1,4-dibromobutanc is treated with diethyl malonate in the presence of 2 equivalents of sodium ethoxide base, the second alkylation step occurs intrcunotecidariy to yield a cyclic product. Hydrolysis and decarboxylation then give cvclopentanecarboxylic acid. Three-, four-, five-. 

Reaction between ureas and malonic esters (cyclic ureides)... 

This example illustrates the synthesis of cyclic compounds by intramolecular alkylation reactions. The relative rates of cyclization for ca-haloalkyl malonate esters are 650,000 1 6500 5 for formation of three-, four-, five-, and six-membered rings, respectively.28 (See Section 3.9 of Part A to review the effect of ring size on Sn2 reactions.)... 

Hallberg and his co-workers reported in 1999 the first microwave-promoted asymmetric palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation of acyclic and cyclic allylic esters with dimethyl malonate, using some chiral ligands 57 and 118 (Equations (65) and (55))3 s,l6Sa,i6Sb both cases, microwave irradiation reduces reaction time without any loss of enantio-selectivity. The same group successfully applied this reaction system to the molybdenum-catalyzed allylic alkylation (Equation ((,7)) 60.160 -l60. 

Meldrum s acid Malonic acid, cyclic isopropylidene ester (8) 1,3-Dioxane-4,6-dione, 2,2-dimethyl- (9) (2033-24-1)... 

Less basic malonic ester anions may be employed for the twofold alkylation of dibromides. Cyclic 1,1-dicarboxylic esters are formed, if the reaction is executed in an appropriate manner. In the synthesis of cyclobutane diester A the undesired open-chain tetraester B was always a side product (J.A. Cason, 1949), the malonic ester and its monoalkylation product were always only partially ionized. Alkylation was therefore slow and intermolecular reactions of mono-alkyl intermediates with excess malonic ester prevailed. If the malonic ester was dissolved in ethanol containing sodium ethoxide, and 1,3-dibromopropane as well as more sodium ethoxide were added slowly to the solution, 63% of A and only 7% of B were isolated. The latter operations kept the malonic ester and its monoalkylated product in the ionic form, and the dibromide concentration low, so that the intramolecular reaction was favored against intermolecular reactions. The continuous addition of base during the reaction kept the ethoxide concentration low, which helped to prevent decomposition of the bromide by this nucleophile. 

Dimethyl-1,3-Dioxane-4,6-dione (Meldrum s Acid) Malonic acid, cyclic isopropylidene ester (8) 1,3-Dioxane-4,6-dione, 2,2-dimethyl- (9) (2033-24-1) Ethylenediammonium diacetate 1,2-Ethanediamine diacetate (9) (38734-69-9) (R)-Citronellal 6-Octenal, 3,7-dimethyl-, (R)-(+)- (8,9) (2385-77-5)... 

The regiospecific nucleophilic displacement of 1,2-cyclic sulfamidates 130 with methyl thioglycolate or a-amino esters 130 can be accompanied by lactamization (thermal, base mediated, or cyanide catalyzed) to give thiomorpho-lin-3-ones and piperazin-2-ones 131 (Scheme 19) <20030L811>. If malonate esters, phosphonate-stabilized esters, or aryl-substituted enolates were used as nucleophiles in this reaction, trisubstituted pyrrolidines were obtained in high yield <2004OL4727>. 

In the presence of a strong basis catalyst (f-BuOK in Me2SO), the equilibrium of 2-arylideneaminophenyl malonic esters 93A 93B [Ar = 4-N02C6H4, 2,4-(N02)2C6H3, 3,4,5-(MeO)3C6H2] was completely shifted (isomerization) in favor of the cyclic tautomer (83JOC2468). 

First all three ester bonds and both amide bonds are hydrolyzed to carboxylic acid groups by the aqueous acid. The mechanisms for these reactions are discussed in Section 19.5. The ester hydrolyses follow the exact reverse of the Fischer esterification mechanism shown in Figure 19.3, and the amide hydrolysis occurs by a very similar mechanism. The product of these hydrolysis steps has three carboxylic acid groups and one amino group. Two of these acid groups are attached to the same carbon so that one can be eliminated as carbon dioxide by the cyclic mechanism described in Section 20.4 for the malonic ester synthesis ... 

MELDRUM S ACID 2,2-DIMETHYL-1,3-DIOXANE-4,6-DIONE MALONIC ACID, CYCLIC ISOPROPYLIDENE ESTER 1,3-DIOXANE-4,6-DIONE, 2,2-DIMETHYL- (2033-24-1), 67, 170 69, 33 p-Mentha-6,8-dien-2-one (6485-40-1), 66, 13... 

The /3-keto acid decarboxylates by the same mechanism as the alkylmalonic acid in the malonic ester synthesis. A six-membered cyclic transition state splits out carbon dioxide to give the enol form of the substituted acetone. This decarboxylation usually takes place spontaneously at the temperature of the hydrolysis. 

The value of malonate esters is illustrated in this synthesis of a substituted cyclic anhydride by conjugate addition to ethyl crotonate, hydrolysis, and decarboxylation, followed by dehydration with acetic anhydride. This route is very general and could be used to make a range of anhydrides with different substituents simply by ehoosing an appropriate unsaturated ester. 

The mesomeric effect of the ester groups in malonic ester derivatives like lib is diminished by a steric effect, which forces the ester group cis to the amino group out of the plane7. This effect is absent in analogues derived from cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds (14-16), which display high C—N and low C=C barriers (Table 4). 

The diols (97) from asymmetric dil droxylation are easily converted to cyclic sii e esters (98) and thence to cyclic sulfate esters (99).This two-step process, reaction of the diol (97) with thionyl chloride followed by ruthenium tetroxide catalyzed oxidation, can be done in one pot if desired and transforms the relatively unreactive diol into an epoxide mimic, ue. the 1,2-cyclic sulfate (99), which is an excellent electrophile. A survey of reactions shows that cyclic sulfates can be opened by hydride, azide, fluoride, thiocyanide, carboxylate and nitrate ions. Benzylmagnesium chloride and thie anion of dimethyl malonate can also be used to open the cyclic sulfates. Opening by a nucleophile leads to formation of an intermediate 3-sidfate aiuon (100) which is easily hydrolyzed to a -hydroxy compound (101). Conditions for cat ytic acid hydrolysis have been developed that allow for selective removal of the sulfate ester in the presence of other acid sensitive groups such as acetals, ketals and silyl ethers. 

Solid phase synthesis of highly substituted thiophene derivatives 15 using a cyclic malonic acid ester resin 14 was also reported. Highly pure thiophene derivatives were reported to have been prepared by this solid phase synthesis <0314851>. While alkyl or aromatic substitutions on the P position to the carbonyl yielded the corresponding 5-alkyl/aryl substituted 2-acyl aminothiophene, acetaldehyde did not produce the corresponding 2,3- disubstituted thiophene. 

What cyclic product is formed from each dihalide using the malonic ester synthesis (a) CICHgCHgCHgCI (b) (BrCHgCHgisO ... 

The first chiral aluminum catalyst for effecting asymmetric Michael addition reactions was reported by Shibasaki and coworkers in 1986 [82], The catalyst was prepared by addition of two equivalents of (i )-BINOL to lithium aluminum hydride which gave the heterobimetallic complex 394. The structure of 394 was supported by X-ray structure analysis of its complex with cyclohexenone in which it was found that the carbonyl oxygen of the enone is coordinated to the lithium. This catalyst was found to result in excellent induction in the Michael addition of malonic esters to cyclic enones, as indicated in Sch. 51. It had previously been reported that a heterobimetallic catalyst prepared from (i )-BINOL and sodium and lanthanum was also effective in similar Michael additions [83-85]. Although the LaNaBINOL catalyst was faster, the LiAlBINOL catalyst 394 (ALB) led to higher asymmetric induction. 

Sterically crowded a-haloketones and a-haloketimines cyclize to cyclopropanones and ketiinines, respectively, upon treatment with bases. The reaction of a series of a-haloketones with dialkyl sodiomalonate has been found to give the adducts of the malonate anion to incipient cyclopropanones, i.e. (l-hydroxycyclopropyl)malonic esters, instead of the products of the Favorskii rearrangement . Cyclopropanone aminals and l-alkoxycyclopropylamines have been obtained in the reactions of cyclic a-chloroketones (equation 16) with secondary amines and of a-chloroketimines with... 

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