Cyathus

Tewari J. P., Shinners T. C., and Briggs K. G. (1997) Production of calcium oxalate crystals by two species of Cyathus in culture and infested plant debris. Zeitschrift fuer Naturforshung (Section C) J. Biosci. 52(7-8), 421-425. 

DE Akin, WH Morrison III, LL Rigsby, GR Gamble, A Sethuraman, K-EL Eriksson. Biological delignification of plant components by the white-rot fungi Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and Cyathus stercoreus. Anim Feed Sci Technol 63 305-321, 1996. 

Karunanandaa, K., Varga, G. A. (1996). Colonization of rice straw by white-rot fungi (Cyathus stercoreus) Effect on ruminal fermentation pattern, nitrogen metabolism, and fiber utilization during continuous culture. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 61, 1-16. 

An unusual diterpenoid, cyathin A3 (121). has been isolated from the bird s nest fungus, Cyathus helenae. Its structure, which followed from a careful examination of the n.m.r. spectrum supported by an X-ray analysis, represents a unique cyclization and rearrangement of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (122). 

Cycloaddition to a 1,3-cyclohexadiene. Racemic cybullol (4), a metabolite of bird s nest fungi cyathus bulleri), has been synthesized by the route shown in equation (I). -... 

The cyathins are a group of metabolites from the Bird s Nest fungi. Cyathatriol (83), which is related to cyathin A3, together with its mono- and di-acetates, has been isolated from Cyathus earlei. The labelling and coupling patterns produced in 11-O-acetylcyathatriol (85), when it is biosynthesized from [ C]2-... 

Products of Wheat Straw Biodegradation by Cyathus stercoreus... 

Cyathanes. Numerous diterpenoids with the cyathane skeleton have been isolated from cultures of various Cyathus species (birdnest fungi, basidiomycetes). Examples are the widely antibiotically active cyathatriol (C20H32O3, Mr 320.47, cryst., mp. 172-173°C), cya-thin A3 (C2oH3o03, Mr 318.46, powder, mp. 148-150°(2, [aJu -160° (CH3OH), and allocyathin... 

The rare bird s nest fungus Cyathus intermedius produces the yellow xanthone pigment (391) in small amounts when grown in laboratory fermentations 56). The structure (391) was confirmed by synthesis involving regioselective hydroxylation of l-hydroxy-6,8-dimethylxan-thone (Scheme 65). It seems likely that the xanthone (391) arises in the fungus from an octaketide derived anthraquinone precursor. 

Ayer, W.A., and D.R. Taylor Metabolites of Bird s Nest Fungi 5. The Isolation of l-Hydroxy-6-methyl-8-hydroxymethylxanthone, a New Xanthone, from Cyathus intermedins. Synthesis via Photoenolisation. Canad. J. Chem. 54, 1703 (1976). 

Scheme 5 shows a possible biosynthetic pathway leading to the pterosins from famesyl pyrophosphate via humulene (411), protoillu-dane (412), illudane (414) or illudalane (413) as intermediates. Biogenet-ically related sesquiterpenes have been obtained as metabolites of basi-diomycetes (319, 320) and ascomycetes (321). Pterosin C (480), for example, is produced by one of the bird s nest fungi, Cyathus bulleri (322). 

Onychiol B (623) was isolated from rhizomes of Onychium japonicum (348). All known compounds with the cyathane skeleton except onychiol B (623) have been isolated from bird s nest fungi, Cyathus species (356). 

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