Cyanide effects

Dorex is very toxic (see Table 2) and must be handled with extreme care. Because it may produce severe dermatitis on moist skin, it is difficult to use in hot, humid climates inhalation of the dust or spray may irritate the mucous membranes. Whereas symptoms may include a flushed face, tachycardia, headache, vertigo, and hypotension, it does not produce the typical cyanide effect. 

Cyanide effects on selected species of aquatic organisms... 

Table 15.3 Cyanide Effects on Selected Species of Aquatic Organisms (All concentrations are shown as g HCN/L [ppb] of medium at start unless indicated otherwise.)...

Table 15.4 Cyanide Effects on Selected Species of Birds...

A number of dietary deficiencies may increase the risk of deleterious cyanide effects. Iodine deficiency is involved in the etiology of such thyroid disorders as goiter and cretinism. These disorders may be exacerbated by excess exposure to cyanide (Delange and Ermans 1971 Ermans et al. 1972). Protein deficiencies and vitamin B12, riboflavin and other vitamins and elemental deficiencies may subject people... 

The second and minor metabolic pathway consists of the reaction of cyanide with cystine to yield cysteine and B-thiocyanoalanine (Wood and Cooley 1955). The latter is then converted to 2-imino-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid and excreted in urine. Cystine has not been used for the purpose of mitigation of cyanide effects because its contribution to detoxification via this pathway is minor. 

Intermediate-Duration Exposure. No intermediate-duration studies were located regarding cyanide effects in humans. A few inhalation (Valade 1952) and oral (Gerhart 1987a, 1987b Jackson 1988 ... 

Freeman JJ, Hayes EP Microsomal metabolism of acetonitrile to cyanide Effects of acetone and other compounds. Biochem Phar-... 

In the rabbit eye, a drop of the liquid caused superficial injury. The liquid on the belly of a rabbit caused a faint erythema of short duration. The toxic effects of acetonitrile are attributed to the metabolic release of cyanide via hepatic metabolism cyanide in turn acts by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase and thus impairs cellular respiration. Evidence of the cyanide effect is supported by the reported effectiveness of specific cyanide antidotes in acetonitrile poisonings. ... 

Table 15.5 (continued) Cyanide Effects on Selected Species of Mammals Species, Dose, and Other Variables Effect... 

An alternative route from alkenes to 2-azasulfides reported by the groups of Caserio and Trost involves addition of a thiosulfonium salt, e.g. dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium tetrafluoroborate (MeSS-Me2+ BF4-), followed by treatment of the resultant thiosulfenylated adduct with an amine or other nitrogen nucleophiles (Schemes 2320 and 24).35 Trost reports that the addition of the thiosulfonium salt can be followed by addition of an oxygen nucleophile, such as acetate, or a carbon nucleophile, such as cyanide, effecting oxosulfenylation and cyanosulfenylation, respectively (Scheme 25).36... 

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