Curvature loss

Figure 12.13 illustrates severe damage suffered by a component of a cooling tower water pump. The jagged, undercut, spongelike metal loss characteristic of cavitation damage is apparent in Fig. 12.14. All damage occurred along the inner curvature of the specimen.

If a pipe is not straight, the velocity distribution over the section is altered and the direction of flow of the fluid is continuously changing. The frictional losses are therefore somewhat greater than for a straight pipe of the same length. If the radius of the pipe divided by the radius of the bend is less than about 0.002, the effects of the curvature are negligible,... 

Statistical analysis did not reveal any significant interactions between Na and K. Three-dimendonal plots for each deagn showed that the data of each mixtiu e design could be easily described by the data belonging to the border lines of the defined fields, because minimum and maximum values were located there. Thus, without loss of information, figure 1 gives a representative idea of the influence, which the studied cations exert on the sol / gel transition of the three pectins. The curvature in the dotted curves reveal the interactions between Ca and a monovalent cation. 

As we age, the activity of osteoclasts tends to outrun that of osteoblasts, leading to gradual loss of bone and increasing susceptibility to bone fracture. In the elderly, a hip fracture has about the same mortality rate as a heart attack. Crush fractures of vertebrae lead to an abnormal curvature of the spine and an inability to stand up straight. So, exercise and get enough calcium and vitamin D in your diet. 

In its simplest form, neglecting the losses due to road camber and curvature, the power required at the drive wheels (Ptotai) tnay be expressed as follows [5] ... 

Also to be considered is the suction flow due to curvature (can be much greater than the gravity effect) and the evaporation loss. 

Figure 8.19 Dimensionless curvature (a) and weight loss (b) after postcure of partially cured specimens...

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