Current options, their advantages, and disadvantages

Among synthetic materials, metallic compounds and polymers are the most common  

Biologic materials for cardiovascular application are derived from bovine or porcine sources (Liao et al., 1992). They lend to have a better tolerability requiring less pharmacologic adjuncts such as anticoagulants therapy as in most of the cases an antiplatelet regimen is sufficient however, they lend to degrade over time either because of reabsorption or due to calcium deposition that alters the mechanical properties of the tissue (Butany and Leask, 2001). The pace of this process may vary widely according to individual differences and site of implant. 

Animal sources of collage may raise moral concerns in patients due to religious restrictions, which exclude large parts of potential users from either form of biomaterial. 

Marine sources of collagen as alternatives to terrestrial mammal-derived biomaterials and synthetic grafts  

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