Currency bars

Hedges, R. E. M. and C. J. Salter (1979), Source determination of iron currency bars through analysis of the slag inclusions, Archaeometry 21,161-175. 

ATP is also the free energy currency for the contraction of muscles (Table 6-1). The ATP-driven contraction of the muscles surrounding the left ventricle of the human heart can increase the blood pressure within it by 20 kPa (0.2 bar or 150 mm Hg). This increases the chemical potential of the water in the blood (i.e., the VWP term), which causes the blood to flow out to the aorta and then to the rest of the circulatory system toward lower hydrostatic pressures. Pressure-driven flow is an efficient way to move fluids for example, it takes only 0.02 kJ of Gibbs free energy to increase the pressure of 10-3 m3 (1 liter) of water by 20 kPa. In particular, in the present case we note that... 

Excel has a remarkable ability to recognize the format of the value that you have entered as a number, a percent, a debit value, as currency, in scientific notation, as a date or time, or even as a fraction. The number will be displayed in the cell in the proper format, but the number equivalent of the value will appear in the formula bar. Figure 1-6 illustrates number formats recognized by Excel. 

Gold is well known for its monetary value—gold coins and bars have been used as currency for thousands of years. It is traded on international financial markets, and the health of a nations economy is measured against the changing prices of gold. 

Figure 4. Sample scanning probe microscopy images obtained by students in Physical Chemistry Laboratory. (A.) 30 x 30 pm AFM image of the surface of a compact disc. Scale bar = 5 pm, (B.) 3 x 3 nm STM image of highly ordered pyrolytic graphite in constant current mode. Scale bar = 1 nm. (C. and D.) 5x5 pm images of standard copy paper and U. S. currency, respectively. Scale bar = 1 pm. Z-range is 170 nm and 887 nn for (C.) and (D.), respectively.

The preparation of this study was supported through the Special Foreign Currency Program of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Bethesda, Maryland, under an agreement with the Israel Journal of Medical Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel. The preparation of this manuscript could not have been achieved without the help of Mrs. Y. Blumenfeld and Ms. G. Obstfeld, who spent endless hours in order to transcribe it from handwritten to typed form without our librarian Mrs. D. Gil, who helped to collect many of the articles cited in this work without Ms, S. Bar-Nun who helped with the editing of the final draft, and without the moral support, patience, and understanding extended by my family. To all, I am in debt and offer my thanks. 

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