Crystallographic relationships

Always specific crystallographic relationship between martensite and parent lattice. 

Sometimes have crystallographic relationships between phases. 

Fig. 8.8. Martensites are always coherent with the parent lattice. They grow os thin lenses on preferred planes and in preferred directions in order to cause the least distortion of the lattice. The crystallographic relationships shown here ore for pure iron.

This general approach has, however, serious limitations. The position of the site for attack (and therefore the electron transfer distance involved) is very conjectural. In addition, the vexing possibility, which we have encountered several times, of a dead-end mechanism (Sec. 1.6.4) is always present. One way to circumvent this difficulty, is to bind a metal complex to the protein at a specific site, with a known (usually crystallographic) relationship to the metal site. The strategy then is to create a metastable state, which can only be alleviated by a discernable electron transfer between the labelled and natural site. It is important to establish that the modification does not radically alter the structure of the protein. A favorite technique is to attach (NH3)5Ru to a histidine imidazole near the surface of a protein. Exposure of this modified protein to a deficiency of a powerful reducing agent, will give a eon-current (partial) reduction of the ruthenium(III) and the site metal ion e.g. iron(III) heme in cytochrome c... 

Figure 9. Crystallographic relationships between disordered and ordered PtCo...

Crystallographic Relationships of Ternary and Quaternary Rare Earth Chalcogenides of Si, Ge, ... 

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIPS OF TERNARY AND QUATERNARY RARE EARTH CHALCOGENIDES OF SI, GE,... 

FIGURE 108 Crystallographic relationships among YbLaS3, ErCuPbSj, and ErCuPbSej compounds. 

FIGURE 109 Crystallographic relationships between La2S3 and LaCuPbS3 compounds. 

FIGURE m Crystallographic relationships among TmsSn, Y6Pb2Sen, and Er5CuPb3Sen compounds. 

FIGURE 112 Crystallographic relationships among Er2EuS4, Sc2PbS4, Tm2PbSe4, and Er2PbS4 compounds. 

Copper surface, 137 Co-precipitation, 440 method, 312, 388 Core shell structure, 411, 415 Crookes, Sir William, 39 Cronstedt, Axel Frederik, 5 Crystal field symmetry, 371 Crystallographic relationships, 265 ErCuPbSj, 265 ErCuPbSej, 265 Er5CuPb3Sen, 266 Er2EuS4, 267 Er2PbS4, 267 LaCuPbSs, 265 La2S3, 265... 

Fig. 2.19 First level graph sets for the three polymorphs of anthranrhc acid 2-V. The two molecules in the asymmetric unit of Form 1 are shown in their true crystallographic relationship to each other (see text). In (d) and (e) the third ammoniacal hydrogen, which does not participate in a hydrogen bond, is hidden hy the nitrogen to which it is attached, (a) Form II (b) Form ni (c) Form I, C(6) of A type molecnles (d) Form I, C(6) of B type molecules (e) Form I, intramolecular motifs S(6) for molecules A and B and the dimer D relationship connecting them. (Adapted from Bernstein et al. 1995, with permission.)...

Fig. 22a-d. Crystallographic relationships in polyethylene relevant to observed structures in electron micrographs... 

Metal particles do not grow with random orientations on the surface of the support but, instead, under well-defined crystallographic relationships. Note for example the alignment of the diffraction spots of ceria and Rh in the DDPs shown in Figures 4.17(b) and 4.17(c). As demonstrated further on, this is a consequence of an epitaxial relationship between the fluorite-type supports and the f.c.c. metal particles. 

The dissociations of transition-metal oxides have often been studied as later processes following the dehydration/dehydroxylation of hydroxides. The existence of polymorphic varieties of the oxide systems has inhibited rapid development of this field. Descriptions of behaviour tend to be predominantly qualitative, devoted to the recognition of the phases involved, the sequences of changes which occur and the crystallographic relationships (if any) between reactants and products in each transformation. 

Materials reveal their mechanical properties when subjected to forces. The apphcation of a force results in a deformation. The amount of deformation will depend on the magnitude of the force and its direction measured with respect to the crystallographic axes. Both force and deformation are vector quantities. In the discussion below, it will be assumed that all materials are isotropic in this respect and that there is no crystallographic relationship between force and deformation, which are both presumed to be scalars (numbers. See section S4.13). In fact, in much of the discussion, especially of the elastic properties of sohds, the atomic structure is ignored, and the sohds are treated as if they were continuous. This viewpoint caimot explain plastic deformation, and knowledge of the crystal structure of the sohd is needed to understand the... 

Figure 3.5 Proposed sequence for the growth of plate-like well-crystallized boehmite crystals in acetic acid solution. Growth starts from gibbsite or pseudoboehmite precursors. Top Micrographs showing the crystal shapes of well-crystallized synthetic boehmite prepared by the method described in Ref. (60) (full size images with scale available in original paper). Bottom proposed growth sequence with crystallographic relationships. Reprinted from Ref. (60).

What is the crystallographic relationship between the two grains shown in Figure 15.2a How does it differ from that of the interface shown in Figure 15.2b ... 

Because STM is sensitive only to the outermost surface and the spatial resolution of STM is limited to about 0.1 nm, the crystallographic relationship between the palladium layers and the gold substrate has remained unclear. Recently, Uosaki and colleagues carried out the in situ SXS measurements to elucidate the detailed structure of palladium electrochemically deposited on Au(lll) and Au(lOO) electrode surfaces [82, 83], The pseudomor-phic layer structure was found only on the first monolayer of palladium on the Au(lll) substrate, while the pseudomor-phic layer-by-layer structure was observed on the Au(lOO) substrate up to 14 ML. The relaxation of the palladium layer on the Au(lll) electrode was found between the second and fourth layer, and the palladium then started to grow from the fifth layer with (111) orientation. However, the relaxation of palladium on the Au(lOO)... 

Fuk] Fukumoto, S., Okane, T., Umeda, T., Kurz, W., Crystallographic Relationships Between 6-Ferrite and y-Austenite During Unidirectional Solidification of Fc-Cr-Ni Alloys , ISIJInt., 40, 677-684 (2000) (Experimental, Phase Relations, 40)... 

Figure 11.18 (a) Optical micrograph of an abnormally grown twinned PMN-35PT ceramic with its 3-D shape (b) Electron-beam back-scattered diffraction analysis shows the crystallographic relationship between two domains in the twinned PMN-35PT ceramic. After Refs [77, 78]. 

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