Crystallisation paths

Schwartz et al. evaluated the use of fibre-optic probe dispersive Raman and PLS calibration to study crystallisation in a hanging drop experiment. They could show that the lysosome concentration could be monitored during the experiment through the concentration phase, nucleation and crystal growth [27], In later experiments, they were able to utilise in-line Raman data to control the concentration of lysozyme to affect the crystallisation path and thereby obtaining the desired large single crystals [28], The same setup was used for crystallisation of apoprotein. Also in this case the Raman data were used to control the evaporation and thus the supersaturation for optimised crystal size [29]. 

Now, let s examine crystallisation paths of this simple ternary system. If a liquid of... 

The crystallisation path can be determined in the same manner as the above case. However, the second phase crystallising in this case is C instead of B. 

As the mean composition of the solid crystallised out between p and/is given by point k, there is some liquid left when crystallisation path arrives at /... 

Crystallisation path (Refer to the figure given below) ... 

Discuss the crystallisation paths of the overall liquid compositions p and q in the following ternary phase diagram ... 

The crystallisation path is determined and the change in composition of the residual liquid phase and the effect it has, in turn, on the viscosity of the ash is established. 

Alkemade lines are also called in many different ways including conjugation lines and joins. Both Alkemade lines and Alkemade triangles (composition triangles produced by Alkemade lines) are of use in die understanding of ternary systems. They play an essential role in understanding crystallisation or heating paths ... 

The final structure of the system after complete solidification consists of large crystals of A and B which have been crystallised during the path quwe and a mixture of small crystals of A, B and C (eutectic structure). 

At k, phase p appears, and thereafter 8 and (3 crystallise together with die liquid composition changing along the path km. 

P phase is exhausted first, and crystallisation continues along the path mn. 

Crystallisation of polymers tends to decrease the volume of amorphous material available for the diffusion crystalline regions obstruct the movement of the molecules and increase the average length of the paths they have to travel. 

Metastable solutions of the monohalides AIX and GaX (X = Cl, Br, I) have been prepared using this technique, and oligomeric species (MX) -Em containing a variety of donors (E) have been crystallised. The solutions disproportionate to the trihalide and the metal (equation 2) when warmed to temperatures in the range -40 to 4-50 °C, depending on the halide, the donor, and the concentration. Species with oxidation states both higher and lower than +1 (i.e. on the path to both disproportionation products) have been isolated. The reduced species (0 < Nox < 1) are discussed in the section on metalloid clusters, and the monohahdes and more oxidized species (1 < Nox < 3) are discussed here. A sonochemical synthesis of a subvalent galhum species, possibly Gal, has also been developed. ... 

We present two illustrative solid-state examples of crystallised products from the reaction of [Pd(TropBr3)2] with PCy3. To confirm the total reaction path, the [Pd(Br)2(PCy3)2] complex (Scheme 15.1, V.7) was isolated in yield ca. 80% from the reaction mixture after ca. two days. During the initial stages (after ca. 8 h) of the reaction, crystals in a small amount from an intermediate species were isolated from the reaction mixture, identified via X-ray diffraction as the complex [Pd(TropBr3)Br(PCy3)] (2) (Scheme 15.1, V.5). 

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