Crystalline inhomogeneity

The magnitude of the errors in determining the flat-band potential by capacitance-voltage techniques can be sizable because (a) trace amounts of corrosion products may be adsorbed on the surface, (b) ideal polarizability may not be achieved with regard to electrolyte decomposition processes, (c) surface states arising from chemical interactions between the electrolyte and semiconductor can distort the C-V data, and (d) crystalline inhomogeneity, defects, or bulk substrate effects may be manifested at the solid electrode causing frequency dispersion effects. In the next section, it will be shown that the equivalent parallel conductance technique enables more discriminatory and precise analyses of the interphasial electrical properties. 

Semi-crystalline Inhomogeneous semistructure crystalline structure... 

Vacha M, Liu Y, Nakatsuka FI and Tani T 1997 Inhomogeneous and single molecule line broadening of terryiene in a series of crystalline n-alkanes J. Phys. Chem 106 8324-31... 

Stoichiometric deductions from these results are difficult, owing to the inhomogeneity of theenzyme preparations but if the figure of 80 per cent for the purity of the esterase is used, the results showthat 1 g. molecule of the phosphorofluoridate combines with 96,000 g. esterase under conditions which produce complete in-aotivation. This low figure is consistent with the value obtained by Jansen, Nutting and Balls1 for crystalline chymotrypsin.2... 

Haze is generally caused by the scattering of light in crystalline polymers. Optical inhomogenities with dimensions in the wavelength range of visible light cause haze. The latter often corresponds to the spherulite volume fraction, spherulite size and crystallinity. An increased size of spherulites results in... 

Inhomogeneous broadening in solids typically occurs as a result of nonequivalent static distortions in the crystalline environment of an optically active center. As can happen with the paving stones in a floor, the crystal reticules are not perfectly equal there is a distribution of crystalline environments for the absorbing atom, and consequently a distribution of resonance frequencies. 

On the other hand, Schaefer ( ) has shown from selective saturation experiments of amorphous cis polyisoprene, crystalline trans polyisoprene, as well as carbon black filled cis polyisoprene, that the resonant lines are homogeneous. The linewidths in these cases are thus not caused by inhomogeneous broadening resulting from equivalent nuclei being subject to differing local magnetic fields. The results for these systems are thus contrary in part to what has been found here. 

Despite the use of balancing mechanisms of ion extraction, for example, delayed extraction, larger inhomogeneities frequently found in slowly grown crystalline matrix preparations are known to influence the mass accuracies. The highly homogeneous sample surfaces achievable in ILMs can drastically reduce these problems upon conversion of the crystalline matrices into ILMs [45]. 

Polymers don t behave like the atoms or compounds that have been described in the previous sections. We saw in Chapter 1 that their crystalline structure is different from that of metals and ceramics, and we know that they can, in many cases, form amorphous structures just as easily as they crystallize. In addition, unlike metals and ceramics, whose thermodynamics can be adequately described in most cases with theories of mixing and compound formation, the thermodynamics of polymers involves solution thermodynamics—that is, the behavior of the polymer molecules in a liquid solvent. These factors contribute to a thermodynamic approach to describing polymer systems that is necessarily different from that for simple mixtures of metals and compounds. Rest assured that free energy will play an important role in these discussions, just as it has in previous sections, but we are now dealing with highly inhomogeneous systems that will require some new parameters. 

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