Crystal synthetic template controlled

Addadi, L., Joester, D., Nudelman, F., and Weiner, S. "Mollusk shell formation A source of new concepts for understanding biomineralization processes". Chem. Eur.. 12(4), 981-987 (2006). Ajikumar, P.K., Lakshminarayanan, R., and Valiyaveettil, S. "Controlled deposition of thin films of calcium carbonate on natural and synthetic templates". Crystal Growth Des. 4(2), 331-335 (2004). 

The zeolites are aluminosilicate framework minerals of general formula M", [AI4Sil0lr+>JJ -zH20.y They are characterized by open structures that permit exchange of catioas and water molecules (Fig. 16.2). In the synthetic zeolites the aperture and channel sizes may sometimes be controlled by a sort of template synthesis—the zeolite is synthesized around a particular organoammonium canon. This yields channels of the desired size. The zeolite framework thus behaves in some ways like a clathrate cage about a guest molecule (Chapter 8). The synthesis of zeolites also involves several other factors such as the Al/Si ratio, the pH. the temperature and pressure, and the presence or absence of seed crystals - ... 

By carbonization of a thin layer of phenolic resin on the suitable templates, Gierszal et al. [108] reported the synthesis of one kind of uniform carbon film with large pore volumes (6 cm g for 24 mn silica colloids), uniform pore sizes, and controlled thickness. This synthetic route involves the formation of a uniform polymeric film on the silica pore walls of silica colloidal crystals or colloidal aggregates and its carbonization and tanplate removal. After proper pre-treatment of the sihca... 

---