Crosslinkers zero-length

Figure 17.23 A traceless Staudinger ligation process involves the formation of an intermediate aza-ylide with subsequent attack of the nucleophilic nitrogen atom on the neighboring electrophilic group. The formation of an amide bond then occurs concomitant with the loss of the phosphine component, thus forming a zero-length crosslink between the two molecules.

Since activated molecules and crosslinks formed between two species are identical to those formed using SPDP, it is of little advantage to use PDTP. Furthermore, an EDC-mediated reaction of the carboxylate end of the crosslinker with amine groups on proteins can cause concomitant zero-length crosslinking and polymerization of protein molecules. For these reasons, SPDP is the better choice for preparing conjugates. 

Ru(ll)bpy32+ for Light-Triggered, Zero-Length Crosslinking of Protein Interactions... 

Surface activation is facilitated either by the use of zero-length crosslinkers, homobifunctional and heterobifunctional linkers, or trifunctional linkers. Useful surveys are reported in [15-18]. 

Carbodiimides are often used in the crosslinking of proteins. They are a family of zero length protein crosslinking agents, which promote the formation of covalent crosslinks between reactive side groups of amino acids, but do not remain as part of the crosslinks. 

The zero length protein crosslink can occur between carboxyl groups (available in aspartic acid or glutamic acid) and e-amino groups (available in lysine) and intra- as well as intermolecular crosshnks can be formed. 

At the age of genomics and proteomics, carbodiimide mediated protein engineering is of considerable importance. Natural proteins and enzymes are readily modified or crosslinked to influence their behavior. The carbodiimide mediated inter- or intramolecular crosslinking of proteins is highly useful because no foreign molecules are introduced. Carbodiimides are zero length crosslinkers. Peptide based pharmaceuticals use carbodiimides in their manufacture and this market will increase considerably over the current low level. 

Carbodiimides are zero length crosslinking agents which mediate amide bond formation between carboxylie aeid groups and amino groups present in the protein. The crosslinking reaction can be intramolecular or intermolecular. Intramolecular crosslinking is often used... 

Water-soluble carbodiimide for die modification of carboxyl groups in proteins zero-length crosslinking proteins activation of carboxyl groups for amidation reactions, as for the coupling of amino-nucleotides to mattices for DNA microarrays. 

Grabarek, Z. and Gergely, J. (1990). Zero-length crosslinking procedure with the use of active esters. Anal. Biochem. 185 131-135. 

G Beckers, RJ Berzborn and H Strotmann (1992) Zero-length crosslinking between subunits S and I of the H -translocating ATPase of chloroplasts. Biochim Biophys Acta 1101 97-104... 

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