Cross-sectional outline

Fiber cross-sectional outlines tend to be rounded, particularly in latewood areas. 

Fig. 10 Cross-sectional outline of the microcavity fluidic dye laser. The laser dye is pumped through a microfluidic channel. The laser cavity is formed mside the microfluidic channel by metal mirrors, deposited on the top and bottom glass wafers. The microcavity fluidic dye laser is pumped optically by an external laser, and output is emitted through the semitransparent top mirror (Reprinted from [149] with permission of lOP Publishing)...

Fig. 11 (a) Cross-sectional outline of the microcavity fluidic dye laser WGM whispering gallery mode, (b) Photograph of a glass/SU-8 chip with a microcavity fluidic dye laser (Reprinted from [152] with permission of The Optical Society of America)... 

To illustrate the rather abstract formulation of the general cross-section outlined above, the essential relations for two examples will be given. The first is a closed cross-section with two cells and thus represents the elementary case of a statically indeterminate system. The second examines the differences induced by a slit in one of these cells and therefore is concerned with the combination of a closed cell and two open branches. 

The first-order Chapman-Enskog solution of the Boltzmann equation for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of monatomic species are given by the expressions in terms of effective collision cross sections outlined in Chapter 4. However, in order to be consistent with the original papers, here the equivalent expressions in terms of collision integrals are adopted. 

Bethe provided the theoretical basis for understanding the scattering of fast electrons by atoms and molecules [3, 4]. We give below an outline of the quantum-mechanical approach to calculating the scattermg cross section. 

Figure C2.17.13. A model calculation of the optical absorjDtion of gold nanocrystals. The fonnalism outlined in the text is used to calculate the absorjDtion cross section of bulk gold (solid curve) and of gold nanoparticles of 3 mn (long dashes), 2 mn (short dashes) and 1 mn (dots) radius. The bulk dielectric properties are obtained from a cubic spline fit to the data of [237]. The small blue shift and substantial broadening which result from the mean free path limitation are...

The evaluation of the action of the Hamiltonian matrix on a vector is the central computational bottleneck. (The action of the absorption matrix, A, is generally a simple diagonal damping operation near the relevant grid edges.) Section IIIA discusses a useful representation for four-atom systems. Section IIIB outlines one aspect of how the action of the kinetic energy operator is evaluated that may prove of general interest and also is of relevance for problems that require parallelization. Section IIIC discusses initial conditions and hnal state analysis and Section HID outlines some relevant equations for the construction of cross sections and rate constants for four-atom problems of the type AB + CD ABC + D. 

The assumption of uniform corrosion is also at the heart of the measurements made by the electrical resistance (ER) probes. Again, ASTM Standard G96 outlines the method for using ER probes in plant equipment. These probes operate on the principle that the electrical resistance of a wire, strip, or tube of metal increases as its cross-sectional area decreases ... 

The sensation of colour that we experience arises from the interpretation by the brain of the signals that it receives via the optic nerve from the eye in response to stimulation by light. This section contains a brief description of the components of the eye and an outline of how each of these contributes to the mechanism by which we observe colours. Figure 2.2 shows a cross-section diagram of the eye, indicating some of the more important components. 

Figure 9.2(a) or (b) shows the essence of the SCM, as discussed in outline in Section 9.1.2.1, for a partially reacted particle. There is a sharp boundary (the reaction surface) between the nonporous unreacted core of solid B and the porous outer shell of solid product (sometimes referred to as the ash layer, even though the ash is desired product). Outside the particle, there is a gas film reflecting the resistance to mass transfer of A from the bulk gas to the exterior surface of the particle. As time increases, the reaction surface moves progressively toward the center of the particle that is, the unreacted core of B shrinks (hence the name). The SCM is an idealized model, since the boundary between reacted and unreacted zones would tend to be blurred, which could be revealed by slicing the particle and examining the cross-section. If this... 

In an expediently designed plant, one can expect to reach in the pressure range above 8 10-2 mbar a vapor velocity in the cross-section Fk of between 50 and 80 m/s (l/d = 2.5 to 5) However 90 m/s will be reached only, if the design uses special features, e. g. a funnellike connection between the chamber wall and the location of the valve, slow changes in the outline, and smooth surfaces without sharp edges or holes. It is also recommendable, to clarify the maximal amount of vapor transportable at several pressures in a plant specification, e. g. at pch = 1 mbar a minimum of 3 kg/h and at pch = 0.04 mbar a minimum of 25 g/ h flow of water vapor must be demonstrated during the acceptance test, while the condenser temperature is below -30 °C, respectively below -57 °C. Such measurements can be earned out practically with sufficient accuracy (see e. g. Fig. 2.19 and the related text). 

FIG. 4. Ultrastructure of vascular smooth muscle of the rabbit inferior vena cava revealed with electron microscopy. Serial cross-sections of VSMCs are shown in series 1 (panel A—D) and series 2 (panel E—G). Series 1 illustrates the close spatial apposition between the superficial SR sheet and the PM with the apices of the caveolae perforating through the superficial SR sheets to come into contact with the bulk cytoplasm. The membranes of the PM (dotted line) and the SR (solid line) in panel A-D are outlined to the right of the respective panels. The close apposition between the superficial SR sheet, the PM and the neck region of the caveolae creates a narrow and expansive restricted space. Series 2 illustrates the perpendicular sheets of SR, which appear to arise from the superficial SR sheets. Mitochondria also come into close contact with the perpendicular SR sheets. Panel H contains a stylized illustration of the close association between the superficial SR sheet, which is continuous with the perpendicular sheet, the perforating caveolae (C), the PM and a mitochondrion (M). Panel I shows calyculin-A mediated dissociation of the superficial SR sheets from the PM (see arrows). The black scale bar indicated represents 200 nm of distance. 

The definition of the final quantum state [see Eqs. (4.3) and (4.4)] of the system includes the direction k into which the separating fragments are scattered. If we omit the integrals over all final scattering directions in Eqs. (4.1) and (4.10), we obtain a cross section for scattering into a specific final direction. These are called differential cross sections. Below 1 will briefly outline the definition and properties of the partial differential cross section, which is the probability of producing a specific final quantum state of the system scattered into a well-specified direction. 

Fig. 36. The structure of MosCoSi projected on (001), after Andersson . Compare Fig. 35. There is mixed occupancy of most sites and this is not shown. Open circles are atoms at z c = 1/2 (1/2 or 0.49) filled circles are atoms at zk = 0 (0 or 0.01) dotted circles are at zlc = 1/4. Compare Fig. 34 and Fig. 35. One unit cell is outlined. Light arrows at the periphery of the drawing indicate the CS planes that transform CrsSi (Fig. 34) to M03C0SI. Note the block Vcolumn structure that results each column being 2x2 tetraederstem in cross-section (i.e. 2x2 unit cells of A15 1 x 1 of garnet). The columns are joined (at the CS planes) by edge-sharing of adjacent tetraederstem cf. comer-sharing in A15...

The two stones B and C show hitherto unknown features [18], as follows. There is a core portion with a square outline in cross-section and cuboid form in three dimensions, and all dislocation bundles with Burgers vector <100> generate from the surface of the core portion (Fig. 9.19). This implies that the core portion was formed somewhere else it was then trapped in a different environmental phase and acted as a seed under the new conditions, after which the major part of the crystal was formed. This was the first piece of evidence to prove the presence of seed crystals in the growth of natural diamond. 

Fig. 4. Conjectured cross-sectional representation of complexes of cucurbituril plus n-butylam-monium ion, as well as with cyclopentanemethylammonium ion. Outlines are drawn to van der Waals radii (maximum projection for all atoms upon axial rotation of the rewptor, crystallographi-cally determined interatomie distances for cucurbituril). Two N-H- 0=C hydrogen bonds may form, but the third projects incorrectly for coordination to the receptor from [7] with...

Fig. 5. Conjectured cross-sectional representation of complex for cucur-bituril plus C HjNHfCHjj NH-(CHjj NHj in acidic and in alkaline solution. Outlines are drawn as for Fig, 4. In all probability a slight buckling of the hexyl chain actually occurs in the upper situation, better filling the cavity and bringing the ammonium ions into improved alignment with the carbonyl dipoles of the receptor, from [8] with permission...

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