Crash causes vehicular

This study evaluates the consequences (c) from four dimensions human impacts, financial impacts, operational impacts and disruptions to vehicular traffic. The human dimension (c ) deals with the possibility of injuries caused by projection of manhole covers and where they crash land, and bums of at least the second degree due to exposure to incident energy from an are flash. The financial dimension (cj) is about any kind of monetary compensation related to an accident occurring. The operational dimension (cj corresponds to the impact on the supply operation of the electricity distribution company (downtime). Finally, the dimension of disrap-tion to traffic (c,) is evaluated by the process of how traffic jams form on the streets around the accident area. The consequence models are described in details in Garcez Almeida (2013, 2014). 

The last part. Crash Causation and Countermeasures, focuses on what we have learned over the past one hundred years - and especially over the past few decades - about the causes of traffic accidents, their relative frequencies, and the means that have proven successfiil in combating accidents. The crash causation chapter also has a methodology component, because often the relative frequency of various causes of traffic accidents is methodology-bound meaning that different methods of analyses yield different conclusions. The countermeasures chapter is divided into first domains in which countermeasures can and have been applied organizational actions (such as "Vision Zero" mentioned above), behavioral changes in drivers and other road users, environmental treatments of the roadway and its furniture, and vehicular changes in both crash prevention and injury reduction. 

Figure 17-7, Human, environmental, and vehicular causes of crashes according to the Unsafe Driving Actions (UDA) study and the Indiana University Tri-Level study (from Hendricks et al, 2001)...

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