Coupling, defined

FIGURE 3.6 Classical model of agonism. Ordinates response as a fraction of the system maximal response. Abscissae logarithms of molar concentrations of agonist, (a) Effect of changing efficacy as defined by Stephenson [24], Stimulus-response coupling defined by hyperbolic function Response = stimulus/(stimulus-F 0.1). (b) Dose-response curves for agonist of e = 1 and various values for Ka. 

We live under a blanket of the powerful oxidant 02. By cell respiration oxygen is reduced to H20, which is a very poor reductant. Toward the other end of the scale of oxidizing strength lies the very weak oxidant H+, which some bacteria are able to convert to the strong reductant H2. The 02 -H20 and H+ - H2 couples define two biologically important oxidation-reduction (redox) systems. Lying between these two systems are a host of other pairs of metabolically important substances engaged in oxidation-reduction reactions within cells. 

Measurement of the heteronuclear dipolar couplings defines the use of solid-state NMR spectroscopy for determination of intemuclear distances. The main part of such experiments involves refocusing of the heteronuclear dipolar couplings. The REDOR experiment has been used extensively to determine the intemuclear distances ( C N, C- P... 

Since metallic zinc does actually dissolve in acid solutions, under conditions specified in the definition of a standard electrode, the standard change in Gibbs free energy must be negative for the first pair of reactions and positive for the second pair. The potential of the zinc couple, defined by AG° = —nFE° (n — number of electrons = 2, F = the Faraday), has to change sign accordingly. The half-reaction... 

Typical evidence for the metallic state by NMR is an observation of the Knight shift K [8,11,331] that is a field shift, or equivalently, a frequency shift of the NMR signal originating from the local magnetic field due to the Pauli paramagnetic spins through hyperfine couplings, defined by [8,11,331] ... 

Infertility is not a disease state of the individual but, rather, often is considered to be a disease state of the couple. Defined as the inability to conceive pregnancy after 12 months of unprotected intercourse, infertility affects 10 to 13% of couples. Identification of the cause of infertility requires thorough medical histories as well as several diagnostic tests (Table 46.1 1) (88,89). The causes of infertility include ovulatory disorders as well as situations in which tubal factors, uterine factors, cervical factors, and/or immunologic and thrombophilic factors play a substantial role (Table 46.12) (90). 

The diabatic electronic states are defined by a unitary transformation of the adiabatic electronic states within a suitable subspace. This transformation is chosen to render the electronic states in the relevant subspace smoothly varying as a function of the nuclear coordinates, such that the derivative couplings defined in equation (4) are sufficiently small to be neglected. In contrast to the adiabatic representation defined in equation (1), the electronic Hamiltonian is nondiagonal in the diabatic representation. 

The results of the experimental study These are the current-jxjtential couples defining the polarization curve. The mean of multiple exp>eriments that are jjerformed xmder identical conditions is the experimental data for the modeling. The standard deviation of the experiments is used in the fitting procedure. 

Because the latter electrodes do not have a well-defined membrane-wire interface, they usually suffer from drifting potentials that limit their applicability (59). On the contraty, the studied ISEs bas on poly[Co(o-NH2)TPP] had reproducible starting potenti s over a period of two months (the standard deviation of the starting potent was 6.2 mV for 11 experiments). This is probably a result of the Co +/Co + couple defining the potential across the membrane-glassy carbon interface. It should be noted, however, that the membrane potential of these sensors is affected by the presence of strong redox species, such as ferricyanide, in the sample solution. 

---