Coupling agents composites

Shanks KA, Hodzic A, Ridderhof D (2006) Composites of poly(lactic acid) with flax fibers modified by interstitial polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 101 3620-3629 Lee S-H, Wang S (2006) Biodegradable polymers/bamboo fiber biocomposite with biobased coupling agent. Composites A 37 80-91... 

G. A. (2003) The influence of silane coupling agent composition on the surface characterization of fiber and on fiber matrix interfacial shear strength./. Adhes., 79, 643-665. 

They also used modified impregnation method to make ceUulose/cellulose nanocomposites. These nanocomposites also showed improved tensile and creep properties over neat CNCs. They then used melt compounding technique to manufacture CNC/poly(Iaclic acid) nanocomposites, where polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used as plasticizer and maleic anhydride (MA) was used as a coupling agent. Composites made with and without plasticizer both showed increase in tensile properties. However, the maximum improvement in tensile properties was observed for composites made without plasticizer. The tensile modulus of these composites for 5 wt% CNCs improved by about 35 %, the tensile strength by about 90 %, and elongation to break by about 35 %. 

Biodegradable polymers/bamboo fiber biocomposite with bio-based coupling agent. Composites Part A, 37, 80-91. 

E. M. Fernandes, I. M. Aroso, J. A. Covas, J. F. Mano, R. L. Reis, Functionahzed cork-polymer composites (CPC) by reactive extrusion using suberin and hg-nin from cork as coupling agents. Composites Part B Engineering, 67, 371-380 (2014). 

Performance of coupling agents in reinforced composites may depend as much on physical properties resulting from the method of appHcation as on the chemistry of the organofunctional silane. Physical solubiUty or compatibiUty of a siloxanol layer is determined by the nature and degree of siloxane condensation on a mineral surface. 

Most antiperspirant sticks are molded. Sticks dominate in the U.S. market, whereas lotion and cream antiperspirants are preferred in Europe. Stick antiperspirant products may include suspending agents, coupling agents to wet the antiperspirant chemical (about 20—25%), and emoUients. The blend is prepared at about 65°C and poured at about 55°C. Antiperspirant (64) and deodorant (65) compositions have been pubHshed. 

The addition—reaction product of bisphenol A [80-05-07] and glycidyl methacrylate [106-91-2] is a compromise between epoxy and methacrylate resins (245). This BSI—GMA resin polymerizes through a free-radical induced covalent bonding of methacrylate rather than the epoxide reaction of epoxy resins (246). Mineral fillers coated with a silane coupling agent, which bond the powdered inorganic fillers chemically to the resin matrix, are incorporated into BSI—GMA monomer diluted with other methacrylate monomers to make it less viscous (245). A second monomer commonly used to make composites is urethane dimethacrylate [69766-88-7]. 

The composition of an epoxide moulding material will greatly depend on the specific application, and this has been discussed at length. ". The resin may be of the epoxide novolac type and there will also be present hardeners, fillers (such as silica), a silane coupling agent, pigment, flame retardant and a wax release agent. 

Fig. 18. Yield strengths in three-point bend tests of highly filled composites of polyfvinyl butyral) and silica particles treated with methylsilane and octylsilane coupling agents to varying degrees of surface coverage vs. work of adhesion measured independently using IGC. Redrawn from ref. [90].

The toughness of interfaces between immiscible amorphous polymers without any coupling agent has been the subject of a number of recent studies [15-18]. The width of a polymer/polymer interface is known to be controlled by the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter x between the two polymers. The value of x between a random copolymer and a homopolymer can be adjusted by changing the copolymer composition, so the main experimental protocol has been to measure the interface toughness between a copolymer and a homopolymer as a function of copolymer composition. In addition, the interface width has been measured by neutron reflection. Four different experimental systems have been used, all containing styrene. Schnell et al. studied PS joined to random copolymers of styrene with bromostyrene and styrene with paramethyl styrene [17,18]. Benkoski et al. joined polystyrene to a random copolymer of styrene with vinyl pyridine (PS/PS-r-PVP) [16], whilst Brown joined PMMA to a random copolymer of styrene with methacrylate (PMMA/PS-r-PMMA) [15]. The results of the latter study are shown in Fig. 9. 

Jones, F.R., Interfacial aspects of glass fibre reinforced plastics. In Jones, F.R. (Ed.), Interfacial Phenomena in Composite Materials. Butterworths, London, 1989, pp. 25-32. Chaudhury, M.K., Gentle, T.M. and Plueddemann, E., Adhesion mechanism of poly(vinyl chloride) to silane primed metal surfaces. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol, 1(1), 29-38 (1987). Gellman, A.J., Naasz, B.M., Schmidt, R.G., Chaudhury, M.K, and Gentle, T.M., Secondary neutral mass spectrometry studies of germanium-silane coupling agent-polymer interphases. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol., 4(7), 597-601 (1990). 

Organosilanes are the main group of coupling agents for glass fiber-reinforced polymers. They have been developed to couple virtually any polymer to the minerals that are used in reinforced composites f42J. 

Analog-to-glass fibers silanes are used as coupling agents for natural fiber polymer composites. For example, the treatment of wood fibers with product A-175 improves wood dimensional stability [53]. In contrast, a decrease of mechanical properties was observed for coir-UP composites after a fiber modification with di-chloromethylvinyl silane [54]. The treatment of mercer-... 

C. Influence of Coupling Agents on the Mechanical Properties of Composites... 

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