Harmonization cosmic

COSMIC [181] method uses only harmonic potential with respect to displacements in the diagonal force fields. Neither improper torsion nor cross terms are included. The nonbonding interactions are the sum of van der Waals interactions represented by the Morse potential and the charge-based Coulomb energy. 

The TRIPOS force fields in the SYBYL and Alchemy programs and the Chem-X, CHARMm, and COSMIC force fields all employ a simple harmonic potential (Eq. [1]) for bond stretching/compression. The CVFF, DREIDING, and UFF force fields support a Morse potential as well as a harmonic potential. The harmonic function is the default in DREIDING and UFF. 

The TRIPOS, Chem-X, CHARMm, COSMIC, and CVFF force fields all use only the harmonic approximation, whereas in the DREIDING force field, angle bending is described by a harmonic cosine function where 0 and 0o in Eq. [6] are replaced by cos 0 and cos 0q, respectively, to avoid a zero slope as 0 approaches 180°. In the UFF force field, angle bending is described with a small Fourier expansion in 0 (Eq. [7]). This functional form was selected to better describe large-amplitude motions. 

Multipole fluctuation strength of the cosmic microwave background radiation as a function of the spherical harmonic index I. The location and the height of the first minimum favors a spatially flat Universe, while the level of the fluctuations in the higher multipoles (/ > 400) Indicates the presence of a low-density baryonic component (<5%). The measurements cover already the damping region (/ > 1,000). Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) data are displayed together with results of earlier balloon observations (Reprinted from Nolta et al. 2009 with kind permission of the first author, the WMAP Science Team, and AAS)... 

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