Corrosion material degradation

D. E. Williams, in Syrett and Acharya, eds.. Corrosion and Degradation of Implant Materials, ASTM STP684, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa., 1979, pp. 61—75. 

Greene, N. D., Corrosion of Surgical Implant Alloys A Few Basic Ideas , in Corrosion and Degradation of Implant Materials, Second Symposium, (Eds) A. C. Fraker and C. D. Griflin, 5-10 ASTM Publication STP 859, Philadelphia (1985)... 

On the negative side, materials problems related to corrosion, electrode degradation, electrocatalyst sintering and recrystalhzation, and electrolyte loss by evaporation are all accelerated at higher temperatures. 

The corrosion potential, ECOrr, adopted by the system will be dictated by the relative kinetics of the anodic material degradation process and the cathodic reduction kinetics of the oxidant. While ECOrr yields no quantitative information on the rate of the overall corrosion process, its value, and how it changes with time, is a good qualitative indication of the balance in corrosion kinetics and their evolution with time. Thus a knowledge of ECOrr and its comparison to ther-... 

R. C. Tennyson and W. D. Morison, Atomic-Oxygen Effects on Spacecraft Materials, Materials Degradation in Low Earth Orbit Proceedings of a Symposium Sponsored by the TSM-ASM Joint Corrosion and Environmental Effects Committee, held at the 119th Annual Meeting of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society in Anaheim, CA, 17-22 February 1990, Eds. V. Srinivasan eind B. A. Banks (Minerals, Metails cind MateriaJs Society, Warrendale, PA, 1990) pp. 59-75. 

Corrosion, the degradation of a material s properties or mass over time because of environmental effects, is a costly reality that effects every industry. A study issued by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) in 2002 conservatively estimates the annual direct cost of corrosion in all U.S. industry sectors at US 276 billion. Costs associated with corrosion include cathodic/anodic protection coatings inhibitors corrosion-resistant alloys and materials and maintenance, repair, and depreciation of equipment. Indirect costs, such as lost productivity, environmental or product contamination, planning and design, and lost opportunities, can easily outpace direct costs by factors of two or more. 

Descriptions of individual corrosion processes can be assembled and used to predict materials degradation in macroscopic systems. However, the computations required are usually so lengthy and complex as to require access to large scale computational facilities. Expansion of this approach to the analysis and prediction of corrosion behavior on a wider scale requires the development of more efficient mathematical techniques and algorithms and of methods for simplifying the calculations without loss of significant factors. 

Most of the telecommunication hardware is placed and used in buildings and thus not exposed to corrosive atmosphere. In addition, electronic hardware has a limited lifetime and becomes obsolete in a few years. The actual service life of consumer is often limited by rapid technological changes rather than material degradation issues. 

The mechanism of material degradation in sewer pipes is similar to potable water systems. The internal corrosion may be more severe than in potable water because the wastewater is not clean. The winterizing treatments of roads are a source of chloride, which comes into contact with the pipe. Cement-based pipe experiences corrosion of reinforced steel. The corrosion control method consists of using thicker pipe walls, which provide for larger corrosion tolerance and a longer design life. 

Corrosion-related failures constitute over 25% of the failures experienced in the oil and gas industries. More than half of these failures are associated with sweet (COj) and sour (H2S) produced fluids. An analysis of failures assessed during the 2000s in a very limited industrywide survey showed a high degree of damage caused by corrosion and other types of material degradation. 

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