Correcting wiring errors

Ensure that the instrumentation and controls have been installed according to the instrumentation and electrical wiring drawings. If not, correct any errors and document any deliberate changes. 

For various reasons, this type of anemometer is not a suitable instrument for practical measurements in the industrial environment. The thin wire probe is fragile and sensitive to contamination and is unsuited to rough industrial environments. The wire temperature is often too high for low-velocity measurements because a strong natural convection from the wire causes errors. Temperature compensation, to correct for ambient air temperature fluctuations may not be available or may not cover the desired operating range. 

The wire through Rl is shorting out the resistor. This wire was probably not intentional since Rl will have no effect. This error would not be detected by either Capture or PSpice. This is a valid connection as far as the simulator is concerned. The simulation would run, but the results would be incorrect. The wire through Rl should be deleted. To correct the problem you will have to delete the part, delete the wire, and then place the part in your circuit again. The correct appearance of the resistor is shown below ... 

A necessary condition is that the ring surface must be completely wetting. A platinum wire is often used which can be annealed for cleaning before the measurement. Even in the early measurements it turned out that Eq. (2.16) was generally in serious error and that an empirical correction function is required [15]. 

Calibration. There may be small systematic errors in the slide wire due to nonlinearity of the wire or failure of the indicator to correspond precisely to the position of the movable contact. In this case the reading X on a scale from 0 to 1000 may yield a value of X/(1000 - X) that does not equal the true value of R IR. This can be checked, and corrected if necessary, by carrying out calibration measurements using a high-precision resistance box in place of the cell in arm 1. 

The next source of errors is the effect of the surface tension on the interface melt/suspension wire, which is manifested especially in density measurement. According to Riebling (1963), this effect can be eliminated introducing the correction 8 (c.f. Eq. (5.34)), which could be calculated from the relation... 

When using thermocouples to measure high temperatures, the measurements must be corrected for the errors due to radiation, convection, and wire conduction. Sato et al. [57] present a calculation procedure for making these corrections. Moffat [58] notes the general equations for estimating these types of errors ... 

Using calculations to correct for fine wire thermocouple errors has been the most popular method for correction. For example, ITorsley, Purvis, and Tariq [70], Kataoka, Shundoh, and Matsuo [71], You [72], ITargrave,... 

Needless to say, the error was duly corrected (15). To avoid this complication we abandoned further catalytic experiments with wires and continued our studies on evaporated metal films, metal tubes and on charcoal. 

There are seven layers in the OSI model, starting with the physical layer handling the raw data transmission over a physical medium. The most common transmission media are twisted pair (copper wires), coaxial cable, and fiber optics. The data link layer, usually implemented in the network adaptors, is above the physical layer and is concerned with the organization of data into frames and the reliable transportation of these frames over a direct link. The specific problems of multi-access links such as channel allocation and collision detection are handled by the data link sub-layer called medium access control (MAC). Reliable frame delivery, frame ordering, and frame retransmission are provided in the layer by sliding window protocols. This is a set of protocols for full-duplex data frame transmission, in which the sender and the receiver both keep windows of frame acknowledgements and send frames only if a certain number of already sent frames were acknowledged by the receiver. The data link layer also includes some error detection and correction functions such as parity bit code and cyclic redundancy code (CRC). 

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