Copulation

Thermal copulation The process by which Brownian movement causes particulate matter to collide and adhere. 

Hemostasis is the process that stops bleeding in a blood vessel. Normal hemostasis involves a complex process of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Figure 44-1 shows the coagulation pathway and factors involved. The copulation cascade is so named because as each factor is activated it acts as a catalyst that enhances the next reaction, with the net result being a large collection of fibrin that forms a plug in the vessel. Fibrin is the insoluble protein that is essential to clot formation. 

Parrott R. (1978). Courtship and copulation in pre-pubertally castrated male sheep (wethers) treated with 17a-estradiol, aromatisable androgens or DHT. Horn Behav 11, 20-27. 

Copulation Sexual union of male and female coitus sexual intercourse also, conjugation between two cells that do not fuse but separate after mutual fertilization. 

Hunter, F.M., Petrie, M., Otronen, M., Birkhead, T. and Moller, A.P. (1993) Why do females copulate repeatedly with one male Trends Ecol. Evol. 8,21-26. 

Lens, L., VanDongen, S., VandenBroeck, M., VanBroeckhoven, C. and Dhondt, A.A. (1997) Why female crested tits copulate repeatedly with the same partner evidence for the mate assessment hypothesis. Behav. Ecol. 8, 87-91. 

Slagsvold, T., Johnsen, A., Lampe, H.M. and Lifjcld, J.T. (2001) Do female pied flycatchers seek extrapair copulations with familiar males A test of the incomplete knowledge hypothesis. Behav. Ecol. 12, 412-418. 

Walsh, C.J., Wilhelm, S.I., Cameron-Macmillan, M.L. and Storey, A.E. (2006) Extra-pair copulations in common murres I a mate attraction strategy Behaviour 143, 1241-1262. 

By means of enzymatic markers we checked into offspring paternity of twice-mated females. We found the progeny in most cases to be sired almost exclusively by the larger of the two males. Factors such as duration of copulation, mating order, or between-mating interval were not determinants of male "success." Nor was male PA content, which in our laboratory-raised Utetheisa did not correlate with male size (we attribute this lack of correlation to the fact that our artificial larval diets were equally nutritious, whether PA-laden or PA-free) (26). 

Baker, R. R. Beilis, M. A. 1995. Human sperm competition. Copulation, masturbation and infidelity. London Chapman and Hall. 

Copulatory samples were collected either within established partnerships (> 1 month) (designated as In-Pair Copulations or IPCs) or outside of an established partnership (= Extra-Pair Copulations or EPCs). In this study, the following situations qualified... 

Copulation by either the male or female from an established partnership with somebody other than the established partner between copulations with the established partner ... 

Any copulation with a female who has at least one other current sexual partner. 

In 1995 (LC) and 1996 (JH, CL JW), students carried out projects as part of their Field Course training that, although not initiated for the purpose, allowed a unique analysis to be carried out when retrospectively linked to the public knowledge over sexual liaisons. This analysis was of the characteristics of people who, in this brief and competitive situation, did and did not copulate (or nearly copulate). 

Most of the sexual liaisons analysed in this paper involved copulation (as either actually witnessed by other field course participants or freely confirmed by the couple to their friends). In fact, four of the EPC ejaculates in the whole-ejaculate study were collected at Calahonda. Naturally, however, some of the intense interactions seen by other people may not actually have involved penetration. To be included in the analysis, however, a couple need only to have been seen (by at least two other field course participants) engaged in intense sexual activity in a situation in which copulation was possible. 

COPULATION, MASTURBATION AND INFIDELITY SPERM COMPETITION AND FEMALE SEXUAL STRATEGY... 

Long gap since last insemination No orgasm between copulations... 

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