Copper resulting chemistry

Organo-copper cluster chemistry has only been developed in recent years as a result of the discovery of the effect of internal hgands (306). The few examples of or-gano-silver clusters resemble their copper counterparts, while the cluster chemistry of gold, though hmited, is unique. 

N-Unsubstituted y-sultams can be easily substituted at the nitrogen ring by alkylation, arylation or acylation. Arylation can be performed efficiently via copper promoted chemistry by using arylboronic acids. Alkylation is usually performed with halogen derivatives by using bases such as K2CO3, NaH, TEA. In some cases good results were obtained from hydroxy substituted compounds and DEAD/PPhs [59,60]. 

Copper ethylene chemistry is well developed, but reports of polymerizations based upon copper are rare. The amidinate ligand, A/,A/ -ditrimethylsilyl-benzamidinato, has been reported to support copper-catalyzed ethylene polymerizations. It is prepared from hexamethyldisilazane, benzonitrile, and tri-methylsilyl chloride. The resulting copper chloride complex, 2, when activated with methyl-aluminoxane, produced polyethylene with Mv = 820 000 and = 138 In another patent. 

Formal Copper Anion Preparation and Resulting Chemistry... 

Organometallic compounds of copper were known for a long time before their versatil ity in synthetic organic chemistry was fully appreciated The most useful ones are the lithium dialkylcuprates which result when a copper(I) halide reacts with two equivalents of an alkyllithium in diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran... 

The hydroxyl group of the resulting phenol is situated immediately adjacent to where the carboxyl group was previously located. This same Hquid-phase copper oxidation process chemistry has been suggested for the production of cresols by the oxidation of toluic acids. y -Cresol would be formed by the oxidation of either ortho or para toluic acids a mixture of 0- and -cresols would be produced from y -toluic acid (6). A process involving the vapor-phase catalytic oxidation of benzoic acid to phenol has been proposed, but no plants have ever been built utilizing this technology (27). 

The platinum metals are valuable by-products from the extraction of common metals such as copper and nickel. The anodic residue that results from copper refining is a particularly important source. The chemistry involved in their purification is too complicated to describe here, except to note that the final reduction step involves reaction of molecular hydrogen with metal halide complexes. 

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