Copper cooling curves

Continuous steam distillation, 147, 148 Cooling baths, 61 Cooling curve method, 26 Copper bronze, activated, 193 Copper - chromium oxide catalyst, for aldehyde synthesis, 318, 321 for hydrogenation, 872, 873 hydrogenolysis with, 872J Copper phthalocyanine, 983 Copper powder, 192 Copper sulphate, as desiccant, 40, 41 Cork stoppers, 55 boring of, 56... 

Figure 6.19 Cooling Curves for the Silver-Copper System. From R. E. Dickerson, Molecular Thermodynamics, W. A. Benjamin. Inc., New York, 1969, p. 371.

The vibrational spectrum of benzene around 1000 cnf has also been measured. IQ. Benzene was physisorbed on a cooled copper substrate in the vacuum chamber. Figure 19 shows the transmission for several thicknesses of benzene and a prism separation of 3 cm. The thickness was determined from the measured transmission in transparent regions using Eg. (7). The solid curves were calculated from Eqs. (5) and (6) using optical constants for benzene obtained from an ordinary transmission experiment.il The benzene film was assumed to be isotropic. Of the two absorption lines seen, one belongs to an in-plane vibrational mode, and one to an out-of-plane vibration. Since the electric field of the SEW is primarily perpendicular to the surface, the benzene molecules are clearly not all parallel or all perpendicular to the copper surface. Also it should be noted that the frequencies are the same (within the experimental resolution) as those of solid benzene22 and of nearly the same width. These features indicate that the benzene interacts only weakly with the copper surface, as would be expected for physisorbed molecules. 

The thermal stability of the hydrogenated materials was estimated by measurements of gas thermodesorption. A piece of the sample cooled to liquid nitrogen under pressure was placed, in a liquid nitrogen bath, into a non-hermetic copper container, and the latter was moved into a quartz ampoule externally cooled with liquid nitrogen. The ampoule was connected to a vacuum system with the calibrated volume, the system was evacuated to 10-6 MPa, and then the ampoule was heated at a rate of 20 K/min. The pressure P of a gas evolved upon heating to 650°C was registered manually the sample was weighed after measurements. We call these dependences as a manometric curves . 

Decomposition of copper(II) malonate Examination of fracture sections of cooled, solidified particles of partly reacted salt, by electron microscopy, revealed the intraparticular generation of a frothlike material composed of bubbles with rounded surfaces (30). This texture was ascribed to the evolution of gaseous products within a fluid matrix. The predominantly curved surfaces were ascribed to surface tension control, and no regularly aligned features or flat surfaces, characteristic of crystalline materials, were found. 

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