Copper complex compounds, with structure

Two different parameter sets for axial and in-plane ligands are used [95,104, 219, 220, 261, 356]. While the exact structure of the chromophore does not need to be known for this approach, the direction of the elongation (or compression) must be specified beforehand. Therefore, this method also is not generally applicable, but it covers a wide range of axially distorted copper(II) compounds with structurally predetermined Jahn-TeUer effects. For example, copper(II) complexes with four amine donors, bis (amino add) compounds and complexes with tetraaza, tetrathia... 

There are many structural studies of copper coordination compounds with azide ligands, mainly of mononuclear and binuclear copper complexes but a few also of trinuclear copper complexes. A comprehensive... 

Chemical analysis revealed that commercial food grade copper chlorophyllin is not a single, pure compound, but is a complex mixture of structurally distinct porphyrins, chlorin, and non-chlorin compounds with variable numbers of mono-, di-, and tri- carboxylic acid that may be present as either sodium or potassium salts. Although the composition of different chlorophyllin mixtures may vary, two compounds are commonly found in commercial chlorophyllin mixtures trisodium Cu (II) chlorin Cg and disodium Cu (II) chlorin which differ in the number of... 

The pyrazole phosphazine ligand, hexakis(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)cyclotriphosphazene (16) forms a dizinc complex, that has been structurally characterized, and the analogous copper zinc complex.158 Two ZnCl2 units are coordinated, one distorted tetrahedral and one distorted trigonal-bipyramidal, separated by 7.51 A. Cu1 and ZnCl2 can also be coordinated giving a heteronuclear compound with a Zn Cu separation of 6.798 A. 

The required long planar shape is more readily supplied by simple disazo structures such as Cl Direct Blue 1 (4.60). Copper complexes of such disazo compounds are important and are dealt with elsewhere (section 5.5.3). A widely used method of producing A—A type disazo dyes relies on treating J acid with phosgene (COCl2) to give the bis-coupling component carbonyl J acid (4.61). 

The only copper complexes of tridentate azo compounds are 1 1 structures, since copper(II) has a CN of 4. They can be prepared by the reaction of the azo compound with a copper(II) salt in an aqueous medium at 60 °C. The major application for copper-complex azo dyes is as direct or reactive dyes for the dyeing of cellulosic fibres. They are seldom developed for use on wool or nylon, although various orange and red 1 1 copper-complex azopyrazolones (5.42) were synthesised recently and evaluated on these fibres by application from a weakly acidic dyebath [24]. 

Recently, hf structure associated with the copper signal of cytochrome c oxidase has been reported by Frondsz et al.210 which used octave bandwidth S-band EPR spectroscopy (2-4 GHz). The observed structure has been attributed to copper hfs and to an additional magnetic interaction. Data obtained from powder simulation of the EPR spectra at 2.62 GHz and 3.78 GHz are collected in Table 12.2. In a subsequent paper Frondsz and Hyde211 have shown that in S-band EPR spectra of copper complexes in frozen solutions, improved spectral resolution can be achieved. This new technique, which allows a proper selection of the microwave frequency between 2 and 4 GHz, is therefore recommended for studying powder EPR spectra of these types of compounds. 

Physical Measurements on Copper Complexes.—Detailed discussion of papers concerned purely with spectroscopic and magnetic data obtained for copper complexes is now covered by the Chemical Society Specialist Periodical Report Electronic Structure and Magnetism of Inorganic Compounds (ed. P. Day), Volumes 1 and 2, and will not be included here. However, three papers of some significance are cited below and other papers on this subject listed in Table 5. 

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