Coordinated Phosphate and Program Derivations

Coordinated phosphate and phosphate-based derivations are designed for use with high-quality (demineralized or equivalent) FW in higher pressure WT boilers, for industrial, power, and cogeneration application. 

For some boiler plant applications, the approach to internal treatment has turned full-circle and consequently, best-practice water conditioning may really only be established on a case-by-case basis. 

However, the various national standards organizations, power boiler manufacturers associations and research institutes (such as the Electric Power Research Institute in the United States) do offer guidelines and recommendations for good waterside control and the avoidance (or at least the minimization) of the more exotic forms of waterside damage. 

1 A Synopsis of Higher Pressure Boiler Waterside Problems and Controlled-pH Program Considerations 

Essentially, except for once-through boilers, steam generation primarily involves two-phase nucleate boiling and convective boiling mechanisms (see Section 1.1). Any deposition at the heat transfer surfaces may disturb the thermal gradient resulting from the initial conduction of heat from the metal surface to the adjacent layer of slower and more laminar flow, inner-wall water and on to the higher velocity and more turbulent flow bulk water. 

---