Cooperative catalysis hydrogenation

A. Stanislaus and B. H. Cooper, Aromatics Hydrogenation Catalysis A Review, Catalysis Reviews—Science and Engineering 36 75-123 (1994). 

Aromatic ketimines are reduced enantioselectively to amines (50 atm H2/toluene/65°C/24h), using a cooperative catalysis involving Knolker s iron complex and a BINOL-derived hydrogen phosphate auxiliary, with P-NMR evidence supporting the bifunctional catalysis. A phosphine-free chiral cationic ruthenium complex catalyses enantioselective hydrogenation of IV-alkyl ketimines, including many heretofore problematic substrates. 0... 

In 2015, Zhao and co-workers described the first dynamic kinetic asymmetric amination of alcohols via borrowing hydrogen methodology under the cooperative catalysis of iridium complex 25 and chiral phosphoric acid 27 (Schemes 31, 32) [179]. The authors proposed that, initially, the two stereocenters in the alcohols were both racemized to ketone by the first oxidation, followed by tautomerization of the iminium intermediates 28 and 30 through enamine intermediate 29. Then, the... 

Zhang Y, Lim CS, Zhao Y et al (2014) Catalytic enantioselective amination of alcohols by the use of borrowing hydrogen methodology cooperative catalysis by iridium and a chiral phosphoric acid. Angew Chem Int Ed 53(5) 1399-1403... 

Tang, W. Johnston, S. Li, C. Iggo, J. A. Bacsa, J. Xiao, J. Cooperative catalysis Combining an achiral metal catalyst with a chiral bronsted acid enables highly enantioselective hydrogenation of imines. Chem. 2013,19,14187-14193. 

Enantioselective hydrogenation of imines has been achieved via a cooperative catalysis involving an iridium(I) organometallic and an organocatalyst, with low-temperature nOe- and DoSy-NMR techniques being used to characterize a key ternary complex. (S)... 

Talavera, G., Reyes, E., Vicario, J. L., Carrillo, L. (2012). Cooperative dienamine/hydrogen-bonding catalysis enantioselective formal 2-1-2 cycloaddition of enals with nitroalkenes. Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 51,4104-4107. 

Kanai M, Ikariya T, Ooi T, Ding K, Milstein D (2013) Recent topics in cooperative catalysis asymmetric catalysis, polymerization, hydrogen activation, and water splitting. In Ding K, Dai L-X (eds) Organic chemistry- breakthroughs and perspectives. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim,... 

Cellular processes require orthogonal catalysts, that is, ones that can function unaffected by all the other cell components. Organometallic catalysts often fail to act in concert with enzymes because of mutual inactivation. A Cp Ir(chelate)Cl transfer hydrogenation catalyst has now been successfully incorporated into the protein, streptavidin, as an artificial transfer hydrogenase in order to protect it from deactivation in cooperative catalysis with monoamine oxidases. ... 

Lewis Acid/Hydrogen Bonding Cooperative Catalysis. 178... 

Beyond the concept of combined acid catalysis, there are also many other bifunctional acid catalysts interacting with nucleophiles and electrophiles simultaneously, and thus benefiting through such cooperative effect. Selected examples on Lewis acid/hydrogen bonding cooperative catalysis and Lewis acid/transition-metal... 

Theoretically, the problem has been attacked by various approaches and on different levels. Simple derivations are connected with the theory of extrathermodynamic relationships and consider a single and simple mechanism of interaction to be a sufficient condition (2, 120). Alternative simple derivations depend on a plurality of mechanisms (4, 121, 122) or a complex mechanism of so called cooperative processes (113), or a particular form of temperature dependence (123). Fundamental studies in the framework of statistical mechanics have been done by Riietschi (96), Ritchie and Sager (124), and Thorn (125). Theories of more limited range of application have been advanced for heterogeneous catalysis (4, 5, 46-48, 122) and for solution enthalpies and entropies (126). However, most theories are concerned with reactions in the condensed phase (6, 127) and assume the controlling factors to be solvent effects (13, 21, 56, 109, 116, 128-130), hydrogen bonding (131), steric (13, 116, 132) and electrostatic (37, 133) effects, and the tunnel effect (4,... 

Reaction of Danishefsky s Diene with Benzaldehyde Another Example for Catalysis by Cooperative Hydrogen Bonding... 

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