Conversion factor intensive property

Under most circumstances, it is not convenient to measure the incident and reflected beams directly with the same detector because scintillator counters have a substantially smaller dynamic range than the 105- to 1010-fold difference between the direct beam flux and reflected beam flux. Instead, direct knowledge of the detector resolution, A(20), and the conversion factor between the monitor signal and the incident beam flux, amon, can be used to estimate the absolute reflectivity. Furthermore, the absolute reflectivity is well constrained by measurements close to bulk Bragg features or at the total external reflection condition near 20 0°. These intensities are dominated by bulk properties of the substrate and provide an independent calibration on the absolute reflectivity scale. 

Like many intensive properties, molarity can be used as a conversion factor between volume (L) of solution and amount (mol) of solute, from which we can find the mass or the number of entities of solute (Figure 3.9), as applied in Sample Problem 3.22. 

Density and Percent Composition Their Use in Problem Solving—Mass and volume are extensive properties they depend on the amount of matter in a sample. Density, the ratio of the mass of a sample to its volume, is an intensive property, a property independent of the amount of matter sampled. Density is used as a conversion factor in a variety of calculations. 

The valence and coordination symmetry of a transition metal ion in a crystal structure govern the relative energies and energy separations of its 3d orbitals and, hence, influence the positions of absorption bands in a crystal field spectrum. The intensities of the absorption bands depend on the valences and spin states of each cation, the centrosymmetric properties of the coordination sites, the covalency of cation-anion bonds, and next-nearest-neighbour interactions with adjacent cations. These factors may produce characteristic spectra for most transition metal ions, particularly when the cation occurs alone in a simple oxide structure. Conversely, it is sometimes possible to identify the valence of a transition metal ion and the symmetry of its coordination site from the absorption spectrum of a mineral. 

Finally, we see from the Fourier transform equations, for the structure factor Fhu and the electron density p x, y, z), that any change in real space (e.g., the repositioning of an atom) affects the amplitude and phase of every reflection in diffraction space. Conversely, any change in the intensities or phases in reciprocal space (e.g., the inclusion of new reflections) affects all of the atomic positions and properties in real space. There is no point-to-point correspondence between real and reciprocal space. With the Fourier transform and diffraction phenomena, it is One for all, and all for one (Dumas, The Three Musketeers, 1844). 

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