Contrast media tools

Computer tomography, especially when coupled with a contrast medium and in the form of CTAP, is an excellent tool for analyzing the venous blood flow and detecting any disturbances in inflow or outflow. Thrombosed hepatic veins are not visible the parenchyma is characterized by an inhomogeneous, patch-like enhancement. (s. fig. 39.6) MRI provides reliable evaluation by means of multiphase, contrast-enhanced, three-dimensional MR angiography. 

An increasing number of examinations are being performed for the evaluation of known or suspected musculoskeletal infection. Multislice CT with 2D and 3D reconstructions are useful tools for detecting infections and abscesses, determining which compartments are involved and for describing the extent of an infection. For this question it is necessary to apply intravenous contrast medium. Multislice CT is also used to evaluate cortical bone and associated soft-tissue masses in suspected osteomyelitis. The presence of sequester can be verified and the response to therapy monitored (Knollmann and COAKLEY 2006). 

The purpose of this chapter is to review the practical aspects of state-of-the-art lower-extremity CTA in its role as a treatment-planning tool for patients with PAOD. Taking full advantage of the capabilities of lower-extremity CTA in this role requires integration of acquisition and contrast medium injection parameters, with knowledge of therapeutic options and the ability to vi-... 

In contrast to the empirical force fields used in MD simulations of medium-sized biopolymers methods of ab initio quantum chemistry require no empirical information. In fact, quantum-chemical calculation are the most important tool for parametrizing empirical force fields. Unfortunately, ab initio studies that take into account electron correlation are rather time-consuming and therefore restricted to biopolymer building blocks. Nucleic acid base pairs have been a preferred object of these studies. 

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