Containment live loads

Live loads consist of all loads except dead, accident, seismic, flood, and wind and include snow loads on the domed roof of the containment. Live loads are assumed for the design of internal slabs consistent with the intended use of the slabs. 

The containment shell is analyzed for individual and various combinations of loading cases of dead load, live load, prestress, temperature, and pressure. The design output includes direct stresses, shear stresses, principal stresses, and displacements of each nodal point. Stress plots which show total stresses resulting from appropriate combinations of loading cases are made and areas of high stress identified. If necessary, the modulus of elasticity is corrected to account for the nonlinear stress-strain relationship at high stresses. Stresses are then recomputed if a sufficient number of areas requiring attention exist. 

The load combinations used by the TVA are identical to ones recommended in Chapter 2. Table 6.1 gives a brief on load combinations and load factors for secondary containment, the following special live loads have been adopted with appropriate load factors as given in table 6.1. 

Typically, we will undertake serious action if the level of live planktonic organisms found in a cooling system reaches between 1 x 105 and 1 x 106 aerobic colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml). When we compare this with a potable water supply that may contain only 20 to 200 CFU/ml, it appears to be a large number however, on a weight basis, this still represents an incredibly small amount of contamination, probably much less than the daily contaminant load from air-blown dust and soil. 

Small chromophores, such as -alkylquinolinium, and isoquinolinium cations can also be intercalated into the galleries of a-ZrP. In most cases, this did not bring about any change in the fluorescence spectra from that observed in solution (acetonitrile). The fluorescence decays of the intercalated compounds were, however, nonexponential and contained a very short-lifetime component. High loadings resulted in self-quenching of the fluorescence and this contributed to the shorter-lived component for the intercalated dyes [58],... 

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