Containment Causes

Extremely explosive, heat- and shock-sensitive as liquid or vapour [1], During determination of the impact-sensitivity of the confined material, rough handling of the container caused ignition. The material should only be handled in small quantity and with great care [2]. 

The residue of a sample of olein chloride (crude oleoyl chloride) was tipped into a waste container containing acid tars (70-80% waste sulfuric acid). There was a vigorous reaction, with gas evolution, which sprayed the analytical technician involved with the liquid contents of the container, causing bums. 

As a result of sensor development in the automotive industry, low-priced acceleration sensors are now available. Acceleration sensors are fundamentally also suited to observing excursion (Fig. 5.57) of the suds container caused by imbalance. However, static measurement of the weight of the washing, as achieved with a distance sensor, is not possible with acceleration sensors. 

Loss-of-Containment Causes The list in Table 23-30 indicates four basic ways in which containment can be lost. These cause cate-ories can be used both as a checklist of considerations during the esign process and as a starting point for evaluating the adequacy of safeguards as part of a process hazard and risk analysis. 

TABLE 23-30 Summary of Loss-of-Containment Causes in the Chemical Industry... 

BLEVE types of incidents arise from the reduction in yield stress of a vessel or pipe wall to the point that it cannot contain the imposed stresses by the design and construction of the container and are also influenced by the relief valve set point. This results in a sudden catastrophic failure of the containment causing the violent discharge of the contents and producing a large intense fireball. 

We see how each collision between a gas particle and the internal walls of the container causes the same result as if we had applied a force to it. If we call the area of the container wall A and give the symbol F to the sum of the forces of all the particles in the gas, then the pressure p exerted by the gas-particle collisions is given by... 

When the volume of a mixture of gases decreases, the pressure of the gases must increase. Le Chatelier s principle predicts a shift in equilihrium to relieve this change. Therefore, the shift must tend to reduce the pressure of the gases. Molecules striking the walls of a container cause gas pressure, so a reduction in gas pressure at constant temperature must mean fewer gas molecules. Consider the following reaction again. 

Exposure of the eyes to liquid sulfur dioxide from pressurized containers causes corneal burns and opacification resulting in a loss of vision. The liquid on the skin produces skin burns from the freezing effect of rapid evaporation. ... 

Hair dyes are of two types permanent and semipermanent. Permanent dyeing is achieved with a synthetic dye, applied with hydrogen peroxide that first bleaches the natural pigment melanin. Semipermanent dyes are generally made with vegetable extracts, such as henna, that coat rather than penetrate the hair shaft. There are a number of questions about the safety of synthetic hair dyes, since some of the products they contain cause cancer. 

Recently, Long et al. [32] reported the results of a series of experiments in which they studied RDX decomposition in open and closed ( pierced ) containers to monitor the kinetics as a function of the extent of reaction. Heating RDX in a closed container causes decomposition to occur in the liquid phase for which they found Ea 47.8 kcal/mol, in accord with the accepted value for N-N bond fission. They also determined Ea 23.9 kcal/mol for evaporation, a value well below the energy for most chemical decomposition reactions. 

The 1980 trap model caught 50-100% more beetles than did the 1979 model, but an unsuccessfully made collecting container caused the escape of many beetles. 

In the study of foams that are destoyed under high capillary pressures, it is necessary to record the lowering of pressure in the container caused by the liquid outflow from the foam. An expression for the specific surface area of the foam can be found by equalising the product of the pressure by foam volume for an arbitrary state and the final state... 

Adsorption to excipients and containers - causing loss of drug... 

The sample is weighed into a tin container and moved to the combustion chamber at l,020°C. Combustion of the tin container causes a powerful reaction in an atmosphere of enriched oxygen, completely oxidizing the sample. The combustion products ((X),... 

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