Constraints iconicity

While powerful, these three constraints—iconicity, associations, and polarity—do not fully account for the diverse mappings of conceptual and spatial schemas reported in studies of reasoning and interpretation of... 

Finally, the type of mapping described above is consistent with the constraints laid out in Gattis (this volume) for mapping between conceptual and spatial schemas. For example, the principle of iconicity constrains the mapping from the location and movement of the hands to the location and movement of objects described (whether abstract or concrete). Structural similarities constrain the mapping of relational structures, e.g., elements are mapped to elements (the hands to concepts) and relations are mapped to relations (the spatial relation of the hands is mapped to the relation of concepts, as in the poetry example). 

Certainly it is the case that many representations are influenced by more than one form of similarity between concepts and spatial representations. Isotypes, for instance, are a form of bar graphs in which the bars are made of multiple icons of a commodity, such as barrels of oil (see Neurath, 1936, and Tversky, this volume). Within an isotype, the icons are a uniform size, and represent a uniform quantity. A bar composed of a large number of icons (relative to another bar) conveys more redundantly via at least two constraints. More oil barrows, for instance, communicate more oil via iconicity, and the greater vertical extent of the bar communicates more via the association between quantity and area. The interpretation of such a graphic could also be constrained by polarity, with the weighted continuum of big and small mapped to the continuum of more and less. 

A third plausible relation between the four constraints, which is also consistent with the results of Gattis and Holyoak is a hierarchical relation, perhaps with iconicity at the bottom and structural similarity at the top. A hierarchical view would predict that iconicity exerts an influence on mapping if it is the only similarity present, or if it is consistent with the higher-order constraints. In this view, structural similarity would be able to override any conflicting mappings created by iconicity, associations, or polarity. 

After installation and start-up of AIMMS, a new project can be created. The main AIMMS interface opens (see Figure 12.13). In the so-called Model Explorer, a small declaration icon appears that can be used to insert new types of identifiers, such as constraints, parameters, and data. 

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