Conical refiner

A variety of conical refiners were developed that involved modifications of the Jordan refiner. The Hydrafiner, for example, has a short, low taper, high speed rotor, and wide bars (10). The stock is driven through the refiner by an impeller which is fitted to the smaU inlet end of the rotor shaft. The Claflin refiner has a very short, high taper plug. Vanes that fit on the wide end of the plug draw the stock through the unit (11). 

For a conical refiner, the C-factor is given as follows [Equation (13.13)] ... 

Refiners, conical (Jordan, Hydrafiners, Claflins, Mordens) — ... 

The radical anion dissociation conical intersection formulation described here seems reasonably complete for a solution environment, at least for the molecule considered. Naturally, refinements of the treatments of the electronic structure and the cavities could be considered, as was mentioned near the conclusion of the Introduction. However, as was noted in the Introduction to Section 3.7.2, other environments, e.g. DNA, are also of interest. Here one could pursue the development of a Poisson-Boltzmann type of description [100] for the inhomogeneous environment. 

Kiered nitrocellulose is pulped in refiners (Fig. 49). The refiners are of the same design as Jordan mills. Tliey contain a conical bar fastened on a movable shaft around the mantle equipped with knives. The inside of the conical shell is also equipped with knives. The nitrocellulose -water slurry is pumped tluouglt tlie gap between tlic knives. The gap between the knives is adjusted by moving the conical part horizontally. 

Soon to follow the stone grinder were the roll crusher and lump breaker. While still in use today, the roll crusher is more apt to be found size reducing rocks and other aggregates in a more industrial setting. The lump breaker similarly is also commonly used in the food industry although it is still occasionally used in the pharmaceutical industry for size reducing agglomerates. The pharmaceutical industry demanded a more refined approach to repeatability led to the invention of the hammermill, oscillator, and conical screen mill. 

Lumiainen, J.L. (1995). Comparison of the mode of operations between conical and disc refiners. The 1st CALAR Symposium PTS IZP in Heidenau, Germany, December 1st, 1995. 

On the basis of these observations, Teller proposed that conical intersections provide a very fast decay channel from the lowest excited states of polyatomics that would explain the lack of fluorescence from the excited state. Despite the fact that the ideas of Teller, Zimmerman, Michl and Salem represented an important refinement of the avoided crossing model, conical intersections were thortght to he extremely rare or inaccessible (i.e. located too high in energy) in organic compoimds and thus were disregarded for many years. 

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